Pragmatic Analysis Of Whatsapp Chats

 Pragmatic Analysis Of Whatsapp Chats

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction

1.1      Background to the Study

Language is one of the most complex of all human-specific phenomena. Its convolutions of parts and meanings. It goes beyond its semiotic possibility of conveying information at a communicative level to have an art form that exists by it alone which is known as the literary art.

At the communicative level, it involves other tools to aid interlocution namely voice modulation and pitch, gesticulations which for the sake of this study include facial expressions and feedback from the other person for the clarification of meanings and understanding. At the interpersonal level, language is always based on contextual sense-making as the complexity of language always bears upon every utterance.

Remove the verbal and personal arrangement of this semiotic speech act and all the other tools for sense-making to go with it. So that one runs the risk of being misunderstood which defeats the aim of conversations at all levels. However, with the advancement of technology especially in the telecommunications sector, people now rely much on texting and instant messaging platforms are becoming more and more popular across social classes and with this popularity comes the need for its acceptance by formal and informal purposes.

• Statement of the Problem

The use of the WhatsApp instant messaging application involves a two-way attempt to decipher interlocution beyond the texts. So features like emojis and Smiley’s are added to aid understanding while shorthands are also evolved and their meanings learnt by users and new users. However, a greater chance of sense-making still lies in the texts and how users are able to adjust to each person's texting pattern. In any event, one relies majorly on the context in order to make sense of what is being read and when this fails, one asks for clarifications from the other person(s). This is the problem that has given rise to the present research: to conduct a pragmatic study of WhatsApp chats.

• Research Questions
• what are the common methods through which users arrive at a contextual meaning of texts on the Application?
• How far can the Contextual theory of semantics with all its shortcomings bear upon any study such as the present one?
• What are the troubles users tend to run into in terms of sense-making on the platform
• And how peculiar are the texting styles across different regions
• Objectives of the Study

The major purpose of this research work is to carry out a pragmatic analysis of the intricacies of the WhatsApp instant messaging application. This would be achieved through:

• An identification of the various common methods users employs in the contextual sense-making process.
• The research will describe in detail the movement of contextual sensemaking among users of the instant messaging application. This description will aim at looking at these methods as they develop into popularity among a particular age range usually the millennials.
• Significance of the Study

The present research work is deeply significant especially as it closes up an academic gap which has been called it up. In language study especially the part the linguistics are mandated to study, the research will give models for reading WhatsApp conversations and other conversations on similar platforms with similar features like Imo, Instagram Direct Message and Facebook Messenger.

In the wider picture and seeing that many legal conversations go on with the use of the app, forensics and criminal law can gain insight from the work done here in understanding how to handle conversations of this kind tendered as evidence in legal action.

• Research Hypothesis

The assumption on which this research work is predicated upon the assumption that the contextual sense-making process is what is used by users of the instant messaging application: WhatsApp.

• Scope of the Study

The focus of this research work is on deciphering how sense-making in WhatsApp chats is predicated upon the context of messages. While focusing on WhatsApp references would be made as the discussion progresses to other instant messaging software like the Facebook Messenger app and Imo.

• Limitations of the Study

The major limitations of this research work are time issues and the nature of the research which would require sifting through a random cross-section of WhatsApp chats in order to better carry out the study which would also require lots of time and financial resources.

• Definition of Terms

Pragmatics

This is the branch of linguistics that enquires into how the context of texts and word usages bear upon their meanings.

 

 

 

 

EDITOR SOURCE: Pragmatic Analysis Of Whatsapp Chats

 

Political Corruption In Nigeria – The Causes And Prevention, Using The Work Of Selected Activists And Writers In Nigeria

 Political Corruption In Nigeria – The Causes And Prevention, Using The Work Of Selected Activists And Writers In Nigeria

Introduction 

        Nigeria’s political problems sprang from the carefree manner in which the British took over, administered, and abandoned the government and people of Nigeria. British administrators did not make an effort to weld the country together and unite the heterogeneous groups of people. Though many things we have today are due to their enlightenment, they still left us hanging. According to Adewele Ademoyega in his book Why We Struck 1981, he said that when the British came, they forcibly rubber-stamped the political state of the ethnic groups of Nigeria, and maintained that status quo until they left. According to him upon their departure nearly a hundred years later, the people resumed fighting for their political rights.

When the British came to Nigeria as an imperial nation to take over the rulership of the country from 1861 (with the cession of Lagos), they met the people of the south totally free, only observing and regulating their own monarchies and institutions (Adewele Ademoyega: Why We Struck). Chinua Achebe in his work or novel Things Fall Apart, 1958, tries to portray the life Africans lived before and during the arrival of the Europeans in Nigeria.

Things Fall Apart tells the tragic story of the rise and fall of Okonkwo and the equally tragic story of the disintegration of Igbo culture, symbolized by the agrarian society of Umofia, under the relentless encroachments of British Christian imperialism.

For Achebe, Mister Johnson represents the worst kind of portrayal of Africans by Europeans. To him, the portrayal was all the more disheartening because John Cary was working hard to achieve an accurate depiction, unlike many British authors during the imperial colonial period who deliberately, often cynically, exploited the stereotyping of Africans and African society. It was precise because John Cary was a liberal-minded and sympathetic writer, as well as a colonial administrator that Achebe felt the record had to be set straight. Achebe’s purpose then is to write about and for his own people. His first novels form a continuum over one hundred years of Igbo civilization. The Europeans have not yet penetrated Umuofia, the setting of the first novel when Things Fall Apart beings. When the novel ends colonial rule has been established. His other novels talk about the different changes that took place before independence and after it.

The British governed Nigeria indirectly through their traditional rulers, as a result, the true leader of the masses was hamstrung and held down. Just because Africans were given authority to rule over their own people, they saw it as a means to maltreat those that have wronged them, extort from those that have more than them and sell his/her own brother and sister for favours from the superior leaders - The British. (Adewele Ademoyega: Why We Struck).

These actions by the local and foreign leaders made the people sort for independence. Many of them were not thinking straight anymore. Many people now saw the need to transfer their faults to others using others as an excuse. The present leader blames the colonial masters and fore runners-for-independence for their actions for not doing what is expected of them well and also for the embezzlement and stealing of public funds. They claim that the colonial masters taught them to do so. The political elites in other to become rich and influential in the society, steal and blame it on the economy and leaders. No one takes responsibility for his own crime and faults.

Between the politicians and the military, they blame one another for a bad government no one agrees that the other is better than himself. In the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, people do all types of things just to steal from the petroleum companies they believe that it is their own right and bunkering which is a common business there is no stealing. That is why Tanure Ojaide uses his novel The Activist to enlighten the people about what is happening in the Niger Delta areas. He says those that claim to be literate in society are the Chief Criminals sabotaging one another. Everybody in the country is in one way or the other suffering from the harms political corruption brought, we are psychosocial disordered.

Kole Omotoso in his fiction focuses on identifying the problems in Nigerian society and proposing solutions. He lived his childhood and adolescence, sharing the nationalist dreams of peace, progress, and prosperity, as an adult and as a writer, he was forced to watch the systematic deferment of these dreams after independence for decades after freedom from colonial rule, Nigeria was cursed by civil strife, including a civil war (1967 – 1970) and incessant military coups d’etat. These events, together with undemocratic rule political chicanery and bureaucratic cynicism resulted in a steady decline in the quality of life in a nation that, because it is the most populous black nation on earth is often looked upon as representative of the black race. Omotoso tries to use fiction to talk about the decay and chaos in the society but he tries to make it less real as Armah did in his The Beautiful Ones are not yet Born.

1.1   Definition of Terms

Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality is also considered political corruption.

Forms of corruption vary, they include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft and embezzlement. While corruption may facilitate criminal enterprises such as drug trafficking, money laundering and trafficking, it is not restricted to these activities. While political corruption is an illegal abuse of power, the psychosocial disorder is the mental reaction one gets from it.

A psychosocial disorder is a mental illness caused or influenced by maladjusted cognitive and behavioural processes.

1.2   Statement of the Problem

Due to the political dictatorship and the high rate of starvation and poverty in the country, many of the people are suffering from problems caused by the many ways they are treated and controlled.

Their manner of thinking has been blurred with the idea that if they steal or kill to survive, it is not a crime because their leader is also thieved who loots the national treasure and put it in their foreign accounts.

Again due to this, the citizens are psychosocially disordered and their minds corrupt. The key problem is the government. Because of the corrupt nature of society, the government sells its pride and glory to foreign companies and enterprises. These people now treat the natural inhabitants of the areas where the companies are located like animals without dignity. An example is the Niger Delta area of Nigeria which is an oil-producing state.

The major problem is between the people and her government. Both are psychologically and socially sick. The pain of poverty and starvation in abundant money has destroyed the people's minds that they no longer think or reason straight.

1.3   Aim and Objectives

The objectives of this research are;

To identify the problems caused by political corruption and

To provide suggestions for the prevention of political corruption and psychosocial disorder and find a way to eliminate it completely from the society in general.

• Significance of the study

Political corruption and psychosocial disorder using The Activist by Tanure Ojaide and Arrow of Rain by Oke Ndibe will serve as good material for student researchers.

This work will show how the government and the citizens and foreign companies helped in the corruption of the society and her environment and how the act of corruption has disordered everything.

1.5   Scope of Research

This project is restricted to the study of political corruption and psychosocial disorder, using Tanure Ojaide’s The Activist and Okey Ndibe’s Arrow of Rain and other relevant literary work of some other Nigerian and African prose writers and commentaries on corruption.

The research is divided into five chapters, chapter one consists of the introduction, definition of the term, statement of the problem, aims and objectives, the significance of the study, scope of research and research methodology. Chapter two is the review of related literature, chapter three is a textual analysis of the novel The Activist by Tanure Ojaide, Chapter four is a textual analysis of the novel Arrows of Rain Arrow of Rain by Okey Ndibe and chapter five is the summary and conclusion.

1.6   Research Methodology

The main source of this research work is a textual analysis of   The main source of this research work is a textual analysis of The Activist by Tanue Ojaide and Arrow of Rain by Okey Ndibe.

The secondary materials are from the library, texts, magazines and some works on African prose writers.

 

EDITOR SOURCE: Political Corruption In Nigeria – The Causes And Prevention, Using The Work Of Selected Activists And Writers In Nigeria