1.1.  INTRODUCTION Biomass resources including wood and wood wastes, agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, animal wastes, wastes from food processing and aquatic plants and algae. They are renewable resources whose utilization has received great attention due to environmental consideration and the increasing demand of energy worldwide. (Bakat et. al., 2009; Tsai et.al., 2007). Biomass can be converted to  energy via tgermochemical conversion processes such as direct combustion, pyrolysis and gasification. (Pattiya Suttibak, 2012). Fast pyrolysis or rapid pyrolysis is mostly applied to biomass so as to change it to less energy- dense solid form into liquid form which called Bio-oil. It is thermal decomposition occurring in the absent of Oxygen. In fast pyrolysis, biomass decomposes very quickly to generate mostly vapourised quickly to generate mostly vapourised and some charcoal and non- considerable gas. After cooling and condensation, a dark brown homogen...

  INTRODUCTION Water is an essential natural resource required by all living organisms. However among these living organisms, human beings tend to use water most for the purposes of drinking, personal, domestic, industrial and recreational uses (Igbeneghu and Lamikanra 2014). Nigeria like other developing nations is faced with problems of potable water supply for its estimated 160 million citizens (Adesiji 2013). As a result of this and other factors, packaged drinking water has been used as alternative drinking water source (Oyedeji et al. 2010). Packaged drinking water is defined as water packaged in cans, plastic sachets and pouches for the main purpose of consumption (Warburton 1993). It is mostly common in low socio economic countries has means of salvaging scarce potable, safe water and to generate income, yet, various studies have shown that some packaged drinking water may not be safe for drinking due to presence of pathogens (Ahmed et al. 2013; Obiri-Danso et al. 2003)...