INFORMATION NEEDS AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION BY PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS

 INFORMATION NEEDS AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION BY PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS

 

 

 

 

 

 

Background of the study

Managing information is an important part of coping with illness and includes communicative and cognitive activities seeking, avoiding, providing, appraising, and interpreting information. It is complex in that people’s information needs and behavior vary over the course of their illness and along with the availability and quality of information. In recent years, considerable research has been done on how people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (PLWHIV/AIDS) manage information. However, understanding of the role of information in the HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital, Park lane is still limited, because of the difficulties of reaching different groups of PLWHA.

This study has been designed to reach many segments of the diverse HIV/AIDS community and broaden under standing of how information can better assist PLWHA.

Information can be regarded as a resource that can liberate man. Osuala (2001) refers to information as facts and opinions provided and received during the course of life. A person using such facts generate more information some of which is communicate to others during discussion, by letters, symbols, etc. Aniogbolu, (2008) noted that most information users need information for problem solving, current awareness and recreational purpose. According to Aniogbolu (2008), the importance of information utilization by man to his development is becoming more meaningful to him as his information accumulation ability’s is taking a new dimension with the development of highly sophisticated information technology (Aniogbolu, Anyaobi & Olise, 2010).

Information needs is often understood as vague awareness of something missing and culminating in locating information that contributes to understanding and meaning (Kuhlthau, 2009). Belkin, Brooks and Oddy. (2008) in their part saw information needs as a gap in individual’s knowledge in sense making situations. Accessibility to the right information is necessary for the general well being of the individual, institution or organization.

One of the most devastating sources of our time is HIV/AIDS; undoubtedly HIV/AIDS presents a major challenge to human development in Nigeria. Ojoawo, (2006) apart from poverty, no problem has given Nigeria a more daunting challenge than the present battle with HIV/AIDS. AIDS in indeed devastating Nigerian communities and poses a real threat to poverty reduction effort and the achievement of the United Nation Millennium Development Goals, (UNMDG). Indeed HIV/AIDS presents a serious challenge to Human Development in Nigeria because the exact cause of and spread of the epidemic is still very difficult to calculate.

In Nigeria, the first case of AIDS was diagnosed in 1986. The infection rate has however, grown exponentially. Since then, by June 1999, the Federal Ministry of Health, (FMOH) in Nigeria had recorded 26,276 AIDS cases. Due to fear of stigmatization several cases are not reported through the hospitals, which mean the reported cases were gross under estimations of the rate of occurrence of the epidemic. The National AIDS/STDS Control Progremmes (NASCP) of FMOH estimated that the calculated number of AIDS cases would have reached 590,000 by the end of 1999 (Ojoawo, 2006).

Currently Nigeria has become the first country in Africa to cross the critical epidemiological threshold of 5%. In fact, it has since been projected that by the 2009 in the absence of major changes in sexual behavior and other control measures, the number of people living with HIV would reach 5 million, of the 40 million people identified to be living with the disease, 3.5 million is the estimated number for Nigerian. This amounts to 10% of the 40 million people infected worldwide (UNAIDS/WHO/UNICEF, 2002). In a country like Nigeria, with limited public capacity and resources to combat the problem, the prevalence rate is 80 high that the HIV virus is infecting more than 30 people a day, and the disease is growing faster that the authorities’ response to it. The prevalence report in Nigeria revealed that there is no community in Nigeria with zero prevalence (FMOH, 2009).

Ukwuoma (2008) noted that in 2003 and 2008 National Antenatal HIV Seroprevalence survey in Enugu State recorded the prevalence rate in both 2003 and 2008 as 4.9% and 5.1% respectively.

People living with HIV/AIDS need information to survive. As a matter of fact, information is vital in the daily life of the people living with HIV/AIDS.

It is a medium of social transformation and communication and an avenue for them (people living with HIV/AIDS) to get involved in government programmes and policies about HIV/AIDS. Therefore, good access to information becomes a must for PLWHA. It is therefore, necessary to consider the information needs of people living with HIV/AIDS as well as their information resources. This study sought to investigate the information needs and resource utilization by PLWHA. Using ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu as study setting.

ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu is situated at GRA Enugu North Local Government. It is a reference center for comprehensive treatment and support of people living with HIV/AIDS.

                                        

1.1     Statement of the problem

The cause of the disease HIV/AIDS, allover the world, relates to individual social behavior such as casual sex, intra venous drugs use (FMOH, 2008). In Nigeria however, the leading driving force of the spread of the HIV infection includes low level of education, high level of ignorance, cultural practices that encourage multiple sexual partner such as polygamy and concubine, poverty and lack of access to appropriate reproductive health survives and information particularly the illiterate and young people. The practice of traditional surgery such as bloodletting procedures with unsterilized instrument on infertile women, and non observance of infection control procedures by traditional birth attendants who are heavily patronized in Nigeria, may all be responsible for spread of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria.

Other factors blamed for the spread of the epidemic are the other cultural practices that expose people to unsterilized sharp objects used for body scarification and circumcision, the subordinate role of women and their attendant vulnerability which prevents them from negotiating safe sex, ignorance, stigma and discrimination, poverty, illiteracy and the non chalant attitude of some individuals.

In spite of various efforts at both domestic and international levels, Nigeria’s situation seems not to translate to any reliable cheering news about HIV/AIDS epidemic. It is becoming more of a developmental problem than just a health problem. The problem constitutes a major challenge to sustainable human development in Nigeria, which must be a concern for all.

Lack of information resources, lack of awareness   of the existence of information resources by the people living with HIV/AIDS, Non-utilization of the available resources by the people living with HIV/AIDS, High level of illiteracy among people living with HIV/AIDS, lack of skilled man power to appropriately organize that available resources in ESUT Teaching Hospital Library for easy accessibility and retrieval by people living with HIV/AIDS are the major problems faced by the PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.

This study focuses on the information needs and resource utilization by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The case study is ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu. The following are the problems facing PLWHA

a.  Emptiness: Most people living with HIV/AIDS feel they are empty vessels immediately they have been diagnosed as being HIV positive. The feeling that they have nothing to offer to the society also makes them feel empty and useless. They consequently develop an inferiority complex which worsens their condition. They become helpless.

b.  Absence of Counseling: Most people living with HIV/AIDS who know their status were not given pre-test counseling and as such were not prepared psychologically. This affects the psychological well being of the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), thereby leading to depression. Counseling is important to people living with HIV/AIDS. With counseling, which is supposed to be on-going process, PLWHA gain and demonstrate courage. Lack of counseling services in our hospitals is greatly affecting PLWHA. Even hospitals that have trained counselors do not offer appropriate counseling services and are not committed to work.

c.   Lack of Family Support: Experience has shown that some family members abandon and sometimes isolate PLWHA on the grounds that they have tested positive to HIV. This is largely due to lack of awareness in our families such attitudes lead to suspicious among PLWHA. This eventually leads to untimely death in most PLWHA. Hence PLWHA to believe that it is better to die than to live. There is also little or no family support to give hope to PLWHA in most homes.

d.  Stigma: This is one of the most subtle and debilitating challenges faced by PLWHA. It inhibits open, honest communication between them and others. Stigma makes the disclosure of the disease by PLWHA within the family difficult. Without disclosure, prevention and care are almost impossible, families and communities are deeply intertwined in the African context and should therefore be supported in preventing stigmatization. This will also promote better self esteem among PLWHA with respect to their careers. It will also eliminate the vicious cycle of self-stigmatization. People living with HIV/AIDS face stigma in the home, in the health care setting, in the religious sector, while the mass media can as well unintentionally promote stigma, though they have potential to shape the attitude, values and perception of a large member of people.

e.   Human Rights Violation: Existing human rights instruments confirm that discrimination against PLWHA or those thought to be infected is a violation of their human rights. This is a great challenge facing PLWHA.

f.    Discrimination: The acts of stigma constitute discrimination based on presumed or actual HIV positive status constitute discrimination based on presumed or actual HIV positive status and violates human rights due to the stigma associated with the rights of PLWHA. This situation intensifies the negative impact of the epidemic. At the individual level, for example, it causes undue anxiety and distress which by themselves contribute to ill-health. At the level of family and community, it causes people to feel ashamed and to conceal their link with the epidemic, as well as withdraw from participation in more positive social functions. At the level of society, discrimination against PLWHA reinforces the mistaken belief that such action is acceptable and that those infected with HIV/AIDS should be ostracized and blamed. This is a great challenge to PLWHA.

Around the world too there have been numerous instances of HIV/AIDS related cases of discrimination. People with HIV or those believed to have HIV/AIDS have been:

-      Segregated in schools and hospitals, and placed under cruel and degrading conductions. Cases of degrading treatment have often been reported in prisons where inmates are often without basic needs, including access to medical care.

-      Refused employment

-      Denied the right to marry

-      Reflected by community

-      Killed because of their sero positive status.

-      Required when returning to their home country to present themselves for an HIV test. Individuals have being denied the right to return to their country on suspicion of being HIV positive. Others have been denied visa and entry permissions.

In conclusion therefore, continuous advocacy campaigns are needed in response to the challenges faced by PLWHA and to bring about social change. All hand must be on desk to tackle the challenges facing PLWHA. To win the war against HIV/AIDS, PLWHA must be used as agents of change in the society.    

 

 

1.2     Objectives of the study

The main purpose of this study is to depict a comprehensive picture of information need and resource utilization by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu. The specific purposes of the study are as follows:

a.  To determine the areas in which people living with HIV/AIDS needs information ESUT teaching Hospital.

b.  To find out the information resource used by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.

c.   To determine the extent to which information resources encourage and support the people living with HIV/AIDS to take positive actions to deal with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.

d.  To determine the benefits derived from the use of information resources by the PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.

e.   To find out the barriers to access and utilization of information resources by PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.

  

1.3      Scope of the study

This study is limited to ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu, it investigates the information needs and resources utilization by people living with HIV/AIDS. The research wants to measure the following variables: the areas in which people living with HIV/AIDS need information, the extent to which information resources encourage and support the people living with HIV/AIDS, to take positive actions to deal with the HIV/AIDS, the information resources used by PLWHA, the benefits derived from the use of information resources by the PLWHA, and the barriers to access and utilization of information resources by PLWHA.

    

1.4      Significance of the study

The significance of this study will be appreciated for the following reasons:

It will accentuate public education and dissemination of information to reduce the stigmatization of persons assumed to be at risk of HIV/AIDS.

This study will also be important because it will provide psychological and social support to people living with HIV/AIDS. They should never be abandoned or treated as social outcasts.

The study is important because it will explore the necessary of the political action, that is social workers, individuals, community to participate with other groups to lobby at the state and federal level on behalf of PLWHA in order to improve their quality of life, protect their civil rights or liberty and to advocates for increased funding for appropriate education, prevention, intervention, treatment services and research.

The study will also serve as database for policy makers in the area of HIV/AIDS.

The findings of the study will help the government improve the scope and efficiency of its information systems and services where necessary to encourage maximum utilization by PLWHA.

It will serve as an information base for future scholars in the area.

Finally, it is hoped that the study will help policy makers, health care providers, health workers, information providers, library and information professionals, and other stakeholders in health sectors to respond positively to the information needs of PLWHA by identifying such needs and exploring avenues to improving will help the PLWHA to be aware of what is available for them, and perhaps make effective use of the available information resources for enhance health condition.        

       

1.5      Research Questions

The following research questions guided the study:

a.   To determine the areas in which people living with HIV/AIDS needs information ESUT teaching Hospital?

b.  To find out the information resource used by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu?

c.   To what extent do people living with HIV/AIDS seek and share information and what type of resources do they use in sharing and seeking information in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu?

d.  What impact has HIV information had on the lives of PLWHA and on basic demography in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu?

e.   What are the barriers to getting HIV information by PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu?

 

1.6      Operational definition of research concepts

The following research concepts are defined according to the way and manner the researcher used in this research work.

i.            Information Need: It is defined as an individual or groups desire to locate and obtain information to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need.

ii.          Resource utilization: This is the proper use of available information and library resources by people living with HIV/AIDS in respect to their health status.

iii.        HIV: This means Human Immune deficiency Virus.

iv.         AIDS: Stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

v.           PLWHA: Stand for People Living with HIV/AIDS.

 

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The university was established as a non residential multi-campus institution. On establishment, the university which was conceived on a presidential model after Harvard University made impressive landmarks and stamped its name as the first University of Technology and first state University of Nigeria.

In 1991, following the creation of Enugu State from old Anambra State the new government change name from ASUTECH to ESUT.

Until 2005 when it was relocated to Parklane Enugu and named ESUT college of Medical/Teaching Hospital.  

EDITOR’S SOURCE: INFORMATION NEEDS AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION BY PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS

 

IMPACT OF MARKETING CONCEPTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS

 

IMPACT OF MARKETING CONCEPTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NIGERIA

 

INTRODUCTION

Marketing came into the commercial banks in the later 1950’s in the form of advertising and promoting concepts, not in the form of marketing concept. With the upsurge in competition many financial institution devised to adopt marketing tools to get their share of the market. Budget were established for advertising and sales promotion, managed to attract many new customers. Their competitors were forced into adopting the same measure by writing professional advertising agencies and promotion experts.

Marketing evolved as a part of the total manufacturing organization its rapid evolution was caused by five general issues that are found in commercial banks. These are sales decline, slow growth, changing buying pattern, interesting, competition and increasing expenditure.

Before this period Banks hardly ever thoughts of marketing research on professional bases until they were forced into the system by competition. Their services were shared traditional usage and custom. The commercial banks know perfectly well that most of their customers would be glad of  a full banking service.

However marketing concepts became one approach which seeks at improving the customers and the organizations relationship though. Through providing the right type of product that will satisfy the customers need and earn a profit to the firm. The concept is the management orientation they key task of the organization is to determine the needs and wants of the target customers and to adopt the right organization attitude towards delivery the desirable customers satisfactions more efficiently and effectively  than its competitors. The organization should be customers oriented, customers orientation as a basic philosophy that forces the business organization to highlight its actions with the mandates of the market. The management has faith  that it will be properly rewarded by the customers.

Union Bank Plc has a responsibility to serve the financial needs of the its customers, the greater the varieties of services and considering the different categories of customers, the better, the for it’s fulfilling its objectives.

The marketing concept acknowledge that a business geared to serve the needs and requirement of consumer will achieve a better result over a longer period of time than the other components whose executives are not be motivated towards the satisfaction of consumers. The marketing concept believes that consumer is king.

This pervasive attitude has three major elements such as undertaking of consumer needs or wants, system approach of marketing variables and other elements in an organization; and objectives to the organization.

Adoption of marketing concept therefore became necessary in Union Bank Plc as they are service oriented, operating in a competitive industries and profit motivated Union Bank Plc need to offer service that will meet their customers wants but before this is made possible, the bank have to embark  on a research of the type of services the customers required Union Bank recently realize the important of marketing concept and developed it for most of their services; distribution and promotion the service of marketing service depends upon knowing the buyer well and servicing his/her needs. This means treating each client as an individual product segment it important that a firm should decide as an important matter of policy what type of customers is required.

To this end, all policies, marketing manufacturing  and personnel should reflect this overall policy of image. The basic public relations policy can be put forward to ensure that the public are influence to react to the firm in the desired manner. The customers can be influenced by good customers relations to regard the bank as:

i.            Public spirited with a civil responsibility.

ii.          A good bank to work for or invest in.

iii.        A bank whose product and services can be purchased with confidence and reliability.

1.1   HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE UNION BANK NIG PLC

                The financial system of the society is the framework within which capital transaction takes place. The saving of some members of the society are made avaibale to other member of the society for productive investment. This process is made possible by the intermediation of financial institutions like the commercial banks.   

The first commercial Bank, the Africa banking corporation open in Lagos in 1892, the bank experience some initial difficulties and eventually decided to transfer its interest to “Elder Domister and Company in 1893. this led to the formation of a New Bank known as the British Bank of West Africa (BBWA) in 1893.

The British bank of west Africa  and the Barclays bank between 1894 and 1933. In 1972 indignations decrees was promulgated, where the federal government of Nigeria acquired 51.67% of the Barclays bank share capital while the bank share capital while the bank was left with 40% and the remaining 8.33% with the Nigeria public.

In 1979 the bank sold 20% of its 40% shareholding to the Nigeria public again, thus, reducing its share to 20% in the same year 1979. Then the bank name was changed to Union Bank of Nigeria Ltd.

The equity structure of Union Bank make it only former expatriate bank currently with the larger proportion of  its store 80% owned by Nigeria and Nigeria organization.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

However some problem that affect Union Bank in Nigeria BirninKebbi Branch emerged as a result of inadequate application of marketing concept, such as:

i.      inability of the branch to mobilize saving for investment purpose and harness idle funds in the state.

ii.     Insufficient volume and varieties of financial instrument to facilitate intermediation for investment process.

iii.    Inability to incorporate proper use of marketing concept due to organizational policy framework, which has some restrictive clauses on publicity.

iv.    Insufficient number of workers to deal with member of the public who will like to participate in the banking activities.

v.     Inadequate banking environment which affect their product and service in the state.

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

                Among the objectives of the study are as follows:

i.            To highlight the important roles played by marketing concept in the performance of commercial banks to the economic development of the country.

ii.          To discuss and examine the operations and the likely affect of marketing concept in the commercial banks.

iii.        To help in academic contribution towards reaching possible solution on how to develop and improve marketing concept in the commercial banks.

iv.         To examine certain instances when investment may be insensitive to the level of marketing concept.

v.           To appraise the application of marketing concept in the commercial banks.

vi.         To assess the impact of marketing concept in commercial banks.

vii.       To ascertain whether marketing concept has any effect in the commercial banks.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. What is the relationship between the commercial banks and marketing concept?

2. The important roles played by marketing concept in the performance of commercial banks to the economic development of the country include.

3. What are the operations and the likely effects of marketing concept in the commercial banks?

4. What are the academic contributions towards reaching possible solution on how to develop and improve marketing concept in the commercial banks?

 

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Ho    There is no significance relationship between the commercial banks and marketing concept.

Hi     There is significance relationship between commercial banks and the marketing concept.

Ho₂   There is no significance relationship in information preference between the commercial banks and the marketing concept.

H1_2­  There is significance relationship in information preference between the Commercial banks and the marketing concept.

Ho₃   There is no significance relationship in information format used by the commercial banks and marketing concept.

H1₃  There is significance relationship in information used by the commercial banks and marketing concept.

1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The research work is undertaken to advance scientific knowledge of the study matter of investigation an evaluation of marketing concept in the commercial banks.

Marketing concept is an economic phenomenon, in which the consumer is seen as supreme and his/her wants or needs from the starting points and base for production of goods and services.

To survive competitive activities, banks must be able to produce and deliver wants or needs satisfying goods and services, packed  of quality and value.

However, customer of various categories of the banks enjoyed  such service from Union Bank NigPlcBirninKebbi branch. Customers like the small and medium scale enterprises farmers of different categories, workers of different facets in the state.

It is significance to note that, success only depends on meeting the needs or wants  of the customers via value creating exchange. This is done by Union Bank of Nigeria PlcBirninKebbi Brach through complete adopting and practice of marketing concept where customers are treated as king, the only boss of the organization whose wishes aspiration preference must be met and which should guide organization thinking and operation.

The prospective users of the research when it is complete are the workers, students and in the banking sector. Who may be interested in knowing the evaluation of marketing concept.

 

1.7   SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope pf this research work is limited to the union bank of Nigeria PlcBirninKebbi branch, and the extent of this work is also limited to an evaluation of marketing concept in the commercial banks.

There are numbers of limiting factors since the Union Bank senior staff interviews were not willing to disclose useful information to the researcher. A lot of problems went wrong to restrict the researcher writer from conducting a good and comprehensive research.

Among the problems are:

i.            Difficulties in obtaining certain documents and as most of the documents are considered to be very important to the organization, thus preventing the researcher from getting them.

ii.          A work of this nature requires much capital for financing the materials and sourcing information needed. But collation prolonged leaving little time for presentation and analysis of data since the researcher was given schedule time of completion.

iii.        Also the time allocated to this research work is inadequate and insufficient for the researcher to get all the required information for the topic.

iv.         Another limitation is the non-availability of relevant and vital documents in the school library, which could have be useful in making an extensive research work and the library did not keep any special manuals for the topic which the researcher could make reference to.

v.           This research work was undertaking when the writer is fully engage in the class work. This has greatly constrained the research work because the researcher has to pay attention to normal class activities.

1.8   DEFINITION OF TERMS

Advertising: To percent information about a product arouse interest, build desire and get customer in a favourable frame of mind to buy the product.

Asset Portfolio:An asset in the firm property weighted to represent their proportionate market value.

Business Organization: Collective endeavour consisting of contractual relationship among the various parties involved.

Banker: A person or company carrying on the business of receiving monies and collecting draft from customers subject to the obligation of honouring cheques drawn upon them from time to time by customers to the extent of the amount available in their current account.

Consolidation:The combination of two or more firm into an entirely new firm the old firm ceased to exist.

Corporation: A business formed legally from its owners.

Distribution: The transfer of goods from producer to consumers.

Financial:Intermediaries financial institution that accept money from savers and use  those funds to make loans and other financial investment in their own name.

Marketing: Human activities that is directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange process.

Marketing Concept: Undertaking of consumers need or want (consumer oriented).

Portfolio:A combination of two or more securities or assets.

Portfolio Management:The process of combining securities in a portfolio tailored to the investors preference and needs monitoring that portfolio and evaluating its performance.

Sales promotion: The provision of special buying incentives for a limited period of time.

 

EDITOR’S SOURCE: https://researchwap.com/marketing/impact-of-marketing-concepts-on-the-performance-of-commercial-banks-in-nigeria/index.html

RECAPITALIZATION ON SHAREHOLDERS RETURN IN BANKING INDUSTRY

 

THE IMPACT OF RECAPITALIZATION ON SHAREHOLDERS RETURN IN NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

This research work focuses on the Effect of Information Communication Technology (ICT) on deposit mobilization and profitability of banks in Nigeria. It also revealed how computer technology is being used in taking strategic decisions in an organization, with the usage of computer technology. It helps to discover how efficiently and effectively the bank(s) are performing as regards deposit mobilization and trend(s) in profitability. Some research instrument(s) where used in this continuous writing were: Interview, Questionnaire, and Observations were illustrated with charts and (Chi-square). It starts with the background of the study up to the final recommendation to the higher

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Capital occupies a vital position in any business in which a bank is included capital is particularly important in the banking industry, that is adequacy is a comfort to the depositor or the shareholder. The bank is to be adequately capitalized in order to perform its role in building the nation's economy.

According to the editorial of Nigeria bankers (2003) “The nature of Nigeria the banking industry was healthy and sound from the independent in 1960 to their deregulation and the liberalization of the industry which started kin and middle of the 1980s, the situation changes drastically since the manifestation of bank distress that subsequently cleared the life of 37 banks from 1994 to 2003 in which their problems can be traced bank to the undercapitalization of these banks.

The National Economic Empowerment and Development (NEEDs) 2004, is an initiative of the Obasanjo administration aimed at reforming the entire economy of the nation Nigeria. Under the NEEDs, the financial service is clear with the country is to reform, given clear with the country are to be reformed, given that “the success of NEEDS will depend in part on the ability of the financial intermediaries to play their roles by adopting the strategy of addressing low capitalization, the poor governance practice of financial intermediaries that submit inaccurate reformation to regulatory authorities and to strengthen and rationalize the regulatory and supervisory framework in the financial sector.

The reform agenda under NEEDs is saying categorically that the low capitalization of banks must be death with achieving the goals of NEEDs.

According to Sanusi (2005) “The new capital accord, base II of 1998 tackle the issue of capital at the inception, the major element of the based committee of the 1998 capital accord included the explicit unmake of the capital the requirement to a bank question and degree of risk and establishment of internationally, comparable minimum capital requirements. Combining the objectives of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDs) and that of the new capital accord based II of 1998 it will be deduced that up with the global economic and financial trend and ensigncy the economic development of Nigeria.

Ogunniyi (2005) is of the opinion that the Central Bank of Nigeria as empowered by BOFIA from time to time determines the minimum paid-up share capital of categories of the bank in Nigeria in which there was upward review from time to time. The issue of recapitalization to banks to the time of #25 billion was announced by CBN governor Charles Soludo on the 6th July 2004 generated a lot of controversies but if practically examine, it is what the nation needs for overall economic growth.

CLICK THIS LINK FOR THE COMPLETE MATERIAL - https://researchwap.com/banking-and-finance/the-impact-of-recapitalization-on-shareholders-return-in-nigerian-banking-industry-a-case-study-of-access-bank-of-nigeria-plc/index.html

 

 

How To Develop A Table Of Content For A Research Project Work

 

A table of content in project composing is essentially the reflection of the project. A table of content can be characterized as the nitty-gritty review of a project by which a writer layout the various headings, subheadings of conversation on project work and where or pages every one of this information can be gotten. So for the simple route of pages on project work, it is prudent for research writers to outfit its readers with a table of content.

 

A table of content is a guide for the readers and all things considered, it ought to be valuable, blunder free, and directly to the focuses. In the event that you simply set out as a beginner recorded as a hard copy your final year project as an undergrad and you are stressing over, how to build up a decent table of content for your project. Indeed, stress no more since I am x-raying how one can build up a table of content for research project work.

 

Develop the research project work first:

To get a mistake-free table of content, it is convenient that you work out the research project work first, to make certain of the final headings for each research review and furthermore the right numbering. So one needs to complete the research project work before composing the table of content.

 

Put finishing touches to the review:

Put the fundamental editing work to the write up like legitimate numbering the pages and having suitable headings and revising every single vital mistake, so that on the off chance that you are physically making the table out of content, you wouldn’t omit or include what was already deleted or omitted

 

 

CheckSketch how the table of content will resemble:

It is important to have a review of your table of content before including it in your main project work, so feel free to have a sketch of your table of contents and make all the vital redresses and contributions before moving or utilizing it for the research project work.

 

Editing the table of content:

A decent table of content needs legitimate editing. So it is relevant that the following rules are adjusted *Create two sections on the page to demonstrate the headings on one side and the figures of pages where the headings are situated on the opposite side. The title of the headings ought to be on the left while the quantity of the pages where the headings are situated on the right. Compose subheadings underneath the featuring of each laid out heading. *Use single line dispersing when composing and the text dimension ought to be '12'

 

Check for completeness:

The table of content when done ought to be reconsidered to be certain that all that should finish it is set up. Verify the spellings of each heading, subheading, and that each heading or subheading compares with a relating page or segment numbers in the correct section.

Editors Source: How To Develop A Table Of Content For A Research Project Work

 

Home Economics As A Field Of Study And Its Benefits

 

Home economics as a field of study usually to a common man bring to the mind about sewing aprons, cooking, and baking cake.  But however, home economics as a field of study has illuminated the mind so much in the 20^th century to know that home economics covers a wide range of studies, including food and nutrition, clothing and textiles, child development, sociology, and consumer protection.

When home economics was first introduced in the late 1800s, the study was somehow in addition to other functions to help students prepare for life on the farm and helping their families.

In the 20^th Century, the study acted as a bridge for students to enter into institutions of higher learning and later into professions. Students who graduated from these advanced programs went on to teaching positions to pass on this knowledge and some are led into positions in hospitals, restaurants, hotels, and even government. Along these lines, as universities and other tertiary institutions conducted research, home economics study has taught advanced classes in nutrition and hygiene as well as economics.

 

WHAT HOME ECONOMICS IS AS A COURSE

 

Home economics is cooking and other aspects of household management. Home economics or domestic science, or home science is a field of study that deals with the relationship between individuals, families, communities, and the environment in which they live. Home economics courses are offered internationally and across multiple educational levels. Home economics courses have been important throughout history because it gave women the opportunity to pursue higher education and vocational training in a world where only men were able to learn in such environments. In modern times, home economics teaches people of all genders important life skills, such as cooking, sewing, and finances. With the stigma the term “home economics” has earned over the years, the course is now often referred to by different terms, such as “family and consumer science.

 

WHY DO WE STUDY HOME ECONOMICS?

 

We study home economics to promote a well- being of individuals. The study helps the society to develop human progress individually and it comprises major ideas on food, clothing, home, and family. Human progress is necessary for society to grow and it is so important since well-being is the machinery that vibrant all aspects of human experience.

 

BRANCHES OF HOME ECONOMICS:

Here, we've outlined just some of the careers that involve knowledge of home economics. For some of them, you'll need a qualification in a subject other than home economics to go further, although home economics will still give you a useful background for the career.

1.       Food Scientist/Technologist

2.       Food Technician

3.       Dietitian

4.       Nutritionist

5.       Catering/Restaurant Manager

6.       Hotel Manager

7.       Domestic Services Manager

8.       Chef

9.       Consumer protection (Trading Standards Officer)

10.    Environmental Health Practitioner

11.    Textiles and clothing

12.    Tailor

13.    Fashion Designer

14.    Education (Teaching and lecturing)

15.    Home Care Organiser

 

Food Scientist/Technologist

Food Scientists are experts on the biological, chemical, and physical make-up of food, and how food can be processed, stored and preserved. Food Technologists apply this knowledge to make new food products and ensure that they are safe and of good quality.

Although Food Scientists are more likely to go into research and Food Technologists into production, the division between them is not clear-cut. Both may work in research and development, production, and quality assurance management.

 

Food Technician

Food Technicians help Scientists/Technologists to develop food products. Technicians test the safety and quality of and finished products, as well as testing packaging, processing, and storage techniques.raw materials

They look after the day-to-day running of the laboratory, and might also help in the research and development of new products.

 

Dietitian

Dietitians give people information and advice about the right diet to maintain their health or to help them cope with or overcome an illness.

Dietitians may be based in hospitals or the community. Hospital work mainly involves diet therapy for individual patients, for example, people with food allergies or. They also train and advise other health professionals in diabetes in the hospital.

In the community, a dietitian might be involved in clinical work or health promotion, or a mixture of both. For example, they might work with health professionals such as practice nurses and health visitors. Health GPs promotion could include giving talks in schools or groups such as slimming clubs and pregnant women.

Dietitians work in lots of other areas, including sports nutrition, food, and industries, education, pharmaceutical research, and journalism.

 

Nutritionist

Nutritionists help us to understand how affects our health. They work in lots of areas, including the NHS, nutrition sports nutrition, the food industry, and animal nutrition.

NHS Nutritionists often work in the community, helping people to prevent problems such as cancer, stroke, and diabetes. They might run healthy eating sessions, teach cooking skills, and produce information about a healthy diet.

In the food industry, Nutritionists research and develop new food products. They advise on food products' nutritional content, such as how much fat and salt they have in them.

The right diet can help sports professionals to train and perform at their best. Nutritionists work with Athletes and Players, and also give people advice in the fitness industry.

Animal Nutritionists look at ways to improve the quality and quantity of things such as eggs, meat, and milk. They also try to improve their pets' diets.

 

Catering/Restaurant Manager

Catering/Restaurant Managers work in a wide variety of places, from top hotels to fast-food chains, hospitals, cruise ships, and prisons.

Their main responsibility is for staff management, recruitment, training, and day-to-day organization. Other areas include quality control, hygiene, and health and safety.

Managers might be responsible for setting and controlling. They might also plan menus, order supplies; budgets greet customers, and deal with any complaints. They need to be good at dealing with people and should be able to work under pressure.

 

Hotel Manager

The duties of Hotel Managers vary according to the size of the hotel.

In a large hotel, the General Manager organizes a team of departmental Managers, taking overall responsibility for planning, and marketing. In a smaller hotel or guest house, the work will be more 'hands-on', with greater budgeting day-to-day contact with guests.

 

Domestic Services Manager

Domestic Services Managers, often known as 'Housekeepers' in the hotel industry and 'Domestic Bursars' in educational institutions, are responsible for the cleanliness and general maintenance of large residential establishments. They work in places like hospitals, hotels, schools, universities, and colleges.

They are responsible for organizing the work of domestic staff, who keep the buildings clean and in good condition. They might have other areas of responsibility, such as organizing laundry services or arranging repairs.

They spend part of their time checking the work of staff, but there is also an office-based element to their work, involving administration and managing. Budgets

 

Chef

The term 'Chef' tends to be used in hotels and restaurants, whereas 'Cook' is used in work canteens, schools, and hospitals.

In the large hotel and restaurant kitchens, there are a number of specialist Chefs running different sections (such as vegetables or pastry) under the direction of the Head Chef. In smaller establishments, the Chef might do everything - ordering food, cooking, and clearing up.

There can be opportunities for creative cookery, and to experiment with new and specialist dishes, particularly for experienced Chefs.

In catering services, such as for airlines, schools, and hospitals, the work is more routine. It often involves preparing large numbers of meals in a central kitchen, which are then distributed to different sites and re-heated.

Whatever the setting, the work of a Chef or Cook is physically demanding. Most of the working day is spent standing up in a hot kitchen. Unsocial hours are often part of the job.

 

Consumer protection (Trading Standards Officer)

Trading Standards Officers (TSOs) enforce the laws and regulations that cover the goods and services we buy, hire, and sell.

They inspect premises, sample, test, and measure products, investigate complaints, give consumer advice, and enforce the law.  Employ TSOs. Local authorities

TSOs make regular checks to see if things like scales and petrol pumps measure accurately. They check toys and electrical products to make sure that they are safe to use.

TSOs might take samples of food and drink products to make sure that nutritional information on labels is accurate and that advertisements are not misleading.

 

Environmental Health Practitioner

Environmental Health Practitioners (EHPs) protect us from environmental hazards at home, at work, and in public places.

EHPs make sure our food is safe to eat, and improve conditions for people living in unfit or old housing. EHPs also monitor and control air, water, land, and noise pollution.

EHPs visit places such as offices, houses, leisure services, shops, and restaurants. They advise people on the best ways to protect themselves and others from environmental hazards. EHPs must also enforce the law, for example, closing food premises or requiring Landlords to carry out essential repairs.

Some EHPs work for private companies, making sure that they are following the law and safeguarding their employees and customers.

 

Textiles and clothing (Textile Designer)

Textile Designers create designs for fabrics, carpets, wall-coverings, and soft furnishings. Some, particularly in small companies, spend most of their time reworking traditional designs. In large firms, there may be more opportunities to create original designs.

It's important for Textile Designers to have knowledge of yarns, dyes, and manufacturing processes, as these affect designs.

 

Fashion Designer

Fashion Designers design clothing and/or accessories. A few work in, designing exclusive for haute couture garments individual and producing seasonal collections. clients

Others design ready-made quality garments, often following the trends set by haute couture. Fashion Designers working for wholesale manufacturers design the clothes that we see in shops and in catalogs.

 

Tailor

Tailors produce hand-crafted garments - particularly men's suits - to order. They also make alterations to garments.

They advise customers on the range of fabrics and styles available and take measurements. They then make cardboard or paper patterns, cut out cloth and stitch the garments, mainly by hand.

 

Textile industry

There are also many technical jobs in the textile industry, such as:

Textile Technologist Textile Technician Textile Operative Dyeing Technician

 

Education (Teaching and lecturing)

Most Home Economics Teachers work in secondary schools. They teach pupils about child development, food, and nutrition, or textiles. Design and Technology Teachers can also cover areas related to home economics, such as food technology and textile technology.

Teaching methods include group and practical work, discussions, and using audio-visual materials and the internet. Teaching may also involve visits to places of educational interest. Home Economics Teachers also have to plan lessons, mark work, write reports, go to meetings, and give feedback.

 

Home Care Organiser

Home Care Organisers manage the services that help people to cope with their own homes. They recruit, train, and supervise Home Care Assistants who provide practical, social, and emotional care too. Home Care Organisers clients assess clients' needs and arrange services such as the delivery of free meals.

Other jobs in the caring services

Some people with training in home economics go into housing work or health education/promotion.

 

Conclusion

As a student, after knowing and understanding home economics as a field of study and its benefits to individuals and the society at large, researchwap.com as an online resource center has come up with a vast database for students to have access to numerous free project topics and uncountable research materials on home economics and it related courses.

Below are few home economics project topics that you might want to take a look at

EDITORS SOURCE: Home Economics As A Field Of Study And Its Benefits