PYROLYSIS STUDIES OF GROUNDNUT SHELL

 1.1. INTRODUCTION

Biomass resources including wood and wood wastes, agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, animal wastes, wastes from food processing and aquatic plants and algae. They are renewable resources whose utilization has received great attention due to environmental consideration and the increasing demand of energy worldwide. (Bakat et. al., 2009; Tsai et.al., 2007). Biomass can be converted to  energy via tgermochemical conversion processes such as direct combustion, pyrolysis and gasification. (Pattiya Suttibak, 2012). Fast pyrolysis or rapid pyrolysis is mostly applied to biomass so as to change it to less energy- dense solid form into liquid form which called Bio-oil. It is thermal decomposition occurring in the absent of Oxygen.

In fast pyrolysis, biomass decomposes very quickly to generate mostly vapourised quickly to generate mostly vapourised and some charcoal and non- considerable gas. After cooling and condensation, a dark brown homogeneous mobile liquid is formed which has heating value about half that of conventional fuel oil. A high yield of liquid is obtained with most biomass feed low in ash. (Bridgewater, 2012).

Many researchers studied the production of bio-oil from various types of biomass by many fast pyrolysis reaction configuration. The yield of bio-oil could be as high as 75wt% on dry biomass feed depending on the type of biomass  and the reaction unit. (Bridgewater, 2012). Bio-oil can be used as an alternative fuel i n furnaces and engines in order to produce heat and power. In addition bio-oil can be used as a raw material for chemical production. Groundnut and peanut are species of legumes. They are oil crops. Also, oilpalm, soybeans, coconuts, sesame and castor beans. The main sources of groundnuts are in China, India, Nigeria, USA, Myanmar, Indonesia, Sudan, Vietnam and Thailand. (FAO, 2013). Typically, groundnut is grown for food production.

Lately, groundnut is also a feedstock for oil production. Residues from groundnut is called SHELL. The shell is mostly burnt in the fields, and are not efficiently used for energy. Only small part of the groundnut shell is used as a compost and animal feed. By applying fast pyrolysis technology to groundnut shell for bio-oil production, the advantage is not only on fuel value aspect, but also on the environmental aspect. Abnisa et al., 2011, studied production of bio-oil via pyrolysis of palm shell in a fix-bed reactor and find that the bio-oil yield was 46.4%wt at 500°c and contain high water and oxygen.

1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

All over the world, increase in the demand of fuel for I.C engines in day to day life,there is need for alternative fuel energy sources such as vegetable oil, orange oil, Cashew nut oil, and tyre pyrolysis etc. (Faith Demirbas M. 2007). Also, due to increase in energy needs, especially for the environmental benign energy, the biomass waste, as a renewable source of energy, is of great potentiality. (Mazlam M. A. F et al. 2015). The amount of available biomass residues for conversion into renewable fuels and value added products is quite immense. Finding an environmental and sustainable method for utilization of biomass waste has become a critical problem in many agricultural countries. The biomass waste can be considered as a zero waste net CO2 energy source because the CO2 generated by biomass combustion can be absorbed and recycled from the atmosphere by replanting harvested biomass.(Mikulcic H. et al. 2014)

The use of biomass thus makes no contribution to the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere. (Mckendry P., Et al. 2002). During the past decade, harnessing energy from biomass has grown tremendously. (Kumar A. Et al.)

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The major objectives of the research is pyrolysis of Groundnut shell.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the meaning of pyrolysis?

2. What is the effects of pyrolysis on Groundnut shell?

3. What are the end products of pyrolysis of groundnut shell?

1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Biowastes are converted into useful pyrolysis oil by using different techniques such as hydrolysis, gasification, liquefaction, dry combustion, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and bio photolysis. (Ganapathy Sundaram E. 2009). The pyrolysis is one of the important method for production of oil from biomass waste and it has been divided into there categories, which are fast, slow and Vacuum pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process,it converts the biowaste into liquid, gas and solid prosucts. (Dmitri A. 2011; Nirwan Sharif, 2012; Augustinova J.2013; Theodore Dickerson, 2013).

The pyrolysis has certain benefits compared to the other methods like operating cost, low pressure, simple procedure and higher efficiency. This produces bio-oil from the biomass. The biomass is heated at higher temperature in the closed combustion system at absence of oxygen to produce pyrolysis by-products such as pyrogas, pyrolytic oil, and Char. (Nurun Nabi MD, 2011; Prakash R. 2011).

1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research focus on the pyrolysis of Groundnut shell.

REFERENCES

1. Abnisa F., Wan Daud WMA, Sahu J.N., 2011. Optimization and characterization studies on bio-oil production from palm shell by pyrolysis using response surface methodology. Biomass and bioenergy 35, 3604-3616.

2. Balat M., Balat M., Kertay E., Balat H. 2009. Main routes for the thermo conversion of Biomass into fuels and chemicals. Past 1: pyrolysis systems. Energy conversion and management 50, 3147-3157.

3. Bridgewater AV. 2012. Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass and bioenergy 38, 68-94.

4. Dmitri A. Bulushev, Julian R.H. Ross. Catalysis for conversion of Biomass to fuels via Pyrolysis and gasification. A review Journal of catalysis today, 2011. Vol no 171 pp 1-13.

5. Faith Demirbas M. and Mustafa Balat. Biomass pyrolysis for liquid fuels and chemicals. A review journal of scientific and industrial research 2007. Vol no 66, pp 797-804.

6. F.A.O. 2013. Food and Agriculture organization of the united nation for a World without hunger (FAOSTAT).

7. Fu P., Hu S. and Xiang J.et al. FTIR study of pyrolysis products evolving from typical agricultural residues. Journal of Analytical and applied pyrolysis. Vol 88, no 2, 2010 pp 117-123.

8. Ganapathy Sandaram E. and Natarajan E. Pyrolysis of Groundnut shell. An experiment investigation. The journal of Engineering research 2009. Vol no 6 pp 33-39.

9. Mazlan M. A. F., Uemura Y. and Osman N.B. et al. Fast pyrolysis of hardwood residues using a fixed bed drop type pyrolyzer. Energy conversion and management. Vol 98, 2015, pp 208-214.

10.  Mckendry P., Energy production from biomass (part 1). Overview of biomass, bioresource Technology. Vol 83, no 1, 2002, pp 37-46.

11.  Mikulcic H., Berg E. V. and Vujanovie M. et al. Numerical study of  co- firing pulverized coal and biomass inside a cement calcined, waste management and Research. Vol 32 No7, 2014 pp 661-669.

12. Nuruu Nabi MD, Sultan Mahmud MD, Monirujjaman MD and Shamim Akuten MD. Production of pyrolytic liquid using grass as feed material. International conference on mechanical engineering 2011.

13. Pattiya A., Suttibak S. 2012. Influence of a glass wool hot vapour filter on yields and properties of bio-oil derived from rapid pyrolysis of paddy residues. Bioresources Technology 116. 107-113.

14.  Kumar A., Wang I.J. and Dzenis Y.A. et al. Thermo gravimetric characterization of corn stover as gasification and pyrolysis feedstock. Biomass and bioenergy vol 32, no 5, 2008 pp 460-467.

PHYSIOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL OF PACKAGED WATER ANALYSIS SOLD IN OSUN STATE.

 INTRODUCTION

Water is an essential natural resource required by all living organisms. However among these living organisms, human beings tend to use water most for the purposes of drinking, personal, domestic, industrial and recreational uses (Igbeneghu and Lamikanra 2014). Nigeria like other developing nations is faced with problems of potable water supply for its estimated 160 million citizens (Adesiji 2013). As a result of this and other factors, packaged drinking water has been used as alternative drinking water source (Oyedeji et al. 2010). Packaged drinking water is defined as water packaged in cans, plastic sachets and pouches for the main purpose of consumption (Warburton 1993). It is mostly common in low socio economic countries has means of salvaging scarce potable, safe water and to generate income, yet, various studies have shown that some packaged drinking water may not be safe for drinking due to presence of pathogens (Ahmed et al. 2013; Obiri-Danso et al. 2003).

According to Oyedeji et al. (2010), water borne diseases are one of the major public health related problems in developing countries like Nigeria. The ever increasing demand, sale and indiscriminate consumption of packaged drinking water in Nigeria, therefore, poses significant public health risks to the citizens especially individuals with compromised immune systems (Mgbakor et al. 2011). Most producers of packaged drinking water in Nigeria obtain their raw water mostly from sources such as local, municipal piped water or well water and therefore, do not follow specified standards due to lack of the appropriate drinking water technology (Oluyege et al. 2014).

Osun State Water Corporation  (OSWC),  and  the  Rural Water  Environmental  Sanitation Agency  (RUWESA)  are  inadequate for  the  growing  population  and  at  best epileptic in most Osogbo communities  (OSWC,  2008).  As  a consequence  of  pipe  borne  water shortage,  the  Osun State residents depend  on  water  from boreholes,  hand-dug  wells  and  water vended  in  sachets.  From  a  public health  perspective,  there  is  a  need  to ascertain  the  quality  of  water accessible  to  the residents to  avoid  or  reduce  incidence of  contaminated  water-related  health hazards.  Based  on  this,  the  study  was undertaken  to  assess  the  physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties  of  of packaged water used by  the  students residents of  Osun  State.  The  study  is relevant  in  assuring  whether  the quality  of  the packaged water meet the regulatory  standards because portable water is essential to life.

1.2 Problem Statement.

Despite various studies by researchers, there is no information on prevailing pathogens. This study was, therefore, carried out to compile nationally and internationally published articles in order to summarize and compare occurrence of fecal indicator bacteria and potential water borne bacterial pathogens in packaged drinking water sold in Osun state.

So also analyse the physiochemical properties of the packaged water to check if they conform with the standard to ensure their safety.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The major objective of the study is the physiochemical and microbial analysis of water sold in Osun State.

1.4 Research Questions

(1) what are the various packaged water sold in Osun state?

(2) Is there any physical proof to show they are portable water?

(3) why the need to perform physiochemical and microbial analysis of water sold in Osun state?

1.5 Significance of the study

This study gives a clear insight into the physiochemical and microbial analysis of water sold in Osun state. The findings and recommendations of these research will enlighten consumers on how safe the water samples are and may also help the concerned regulatory bodies on the safety of the water sold in Osun state.

1.6 Scope of the study

This research focuses on the physiochemical and microbial analysis of packaged water sold in Osun state.

1.7 Limitations of the study

This study was conducted on selected samples of water sold in Osun State.

References

Adesiji AR. Microbiological quality of packaged drinking water brands marketed in Minna metropolis, North Central Nigeria. Nig J Technolog Res. 2013;7(1):1–7.

Ahmed W, Yusuf R, Hasan I, Ashraf W, Goonetilleke A, Toze S, Gardner T. Fecal indicators and bacterial pathogens in bottled water from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Braz J Microbiol. 2013;44(1):97–103. doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822013005000026. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

Igbeneghu OA, Lamikanra A. The bacteriological quality of different brands of bottled water available to consumers in Ile-Ife, south-western Nigeria. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):859. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-859. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

Korzeniewska E, Filipkowska Z, Zarnoch D, Tworus K. Survival of Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila in non-carbonated mineral water. Polish J Microbiol. 2005;54:35–40. [PubMed]

Mgbakor C, Ojiegbe G, Okonko IO, Odu NN, Alli JA, Nwanze JC, Onoh CC. Bacteriological evaluation of some sachet water on sales in Owerri metropolis, Imo State. Nigeria Mal J Microbiol. 2011;7(4):217–225.

NIS . Nigerian standard for drinking water quality. Microbiological limits. Abuja: Standard Organization of Nigeria; 2007.

Obiri-Danso K, Okore-Hanson A, Jones K. The microbiological quality of drinking water sold on the streets in Kumasi. Ghana Lett Appl Microbiol. 2003;37(4):334–339. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01403.x. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

Oluyege J, Olowomofe T, Abiodun O. Microbial contamination of packaged drinking water in Ado-Ekiti metropolis, south western Nigeria. Am J Res Com. 2014;2(10):231–246.

Oyedeji O, Olutiola P, Moninuola M. Microbiological quality of packaged drinking water brands marketed in Ibadan metropolis and Ile-Ife city in South Western Nigeria. Afr J Micro Res. 2010;4(1):096–102.

Venkatesan KD, Balaji M, Victor K. Microbiological analysis of packaged drinking water sold in Chennai. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2014;3(4):472–476. doi: 10.5455/ijmsph.2014.150220143. [Cross Ref]

Warburton DW. A review of the microbiological quality of bottled water sold in Canada. Part 2. The need for more stringent standards and regulations. Can J Microbiol. 1993;39(2):158–168. doi: 10.1139/m93-022. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

CORRUPTION ON MORTGAGE DEVELOPMENT

THE IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON MORTGAGE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY  

Public debates recently in Nigeria have centered on the increasing rate of corruption resulting from inappropriate public finance planning and implementation mostly in some of the developing countries, Nigeria inclusive which in turn reduce the level of growth in every sector of the economy including mortgage development in the country. Corruption made itself visible when the institution of the government was founded due the behaviour of people appoint or elect to manage the government institutions (Anyanwu, 2002; Idomeh, 2006). Corruption has recently become a major issue in foreign aid and Nigeria nation as a whole. Corruption is an ancient practice that has been traced back to pre-biblical time and made itself known in the ancient civilizations of developed and developing countries. Political and social corruption is not a recent phenomenon that pervades the Nigerian state. Corruption is a social problem that has interested many scholars. Ruzindana (1999) sees corruption in Africa as a problem of routine deviation from affordable standards and norms by public officials and parties with whom they interact. The major concern for inter-nation aid policy during the last five decades has been to improve the living condition for the poor in the poorest countries of the world by way of providing affordable housing development schemes. Nigeria has been described by many as a country not lacking in policy formulation, but on implementation. Once a need is said to be detected, the governments swoop into action by constituting a committee to look into the situation. The committee begins to sit, formulates and presents a policy to the government who in turn gives assent to it. This tradition is not peculiar to the mortgage and housing policies alone, but it has contributed in no small measure, to the failure of the housing programmes in the country. Despite the formulation of brilliant policies capable of transforming the housing programmes in the country, yet no significant improvement in the availability of affordable houses in Nigeria.

There was the 1991 National Housing Policy which reeled out so many rules and programmes, that will change the lives of the average Nigeria for the better in terms of home ownership. The policy in and of its own, was supposed to ensure that the average Nigerian has access to decent housing and accommodation at affordable cost by the year 2000, through the provision of long term loans at an interest rate of not more than four per cent per annum. There was also the 2006 National Housing Policy which went the extra mile of partially disengaging the government from involvement in housing programme and including private investors and real estate developers into the national housing programmes, by the end of the day, it all appeared like moving round a vicious circle, as those policy were only good as documents and not in implementation (Anyanwu, 2012).

Mortgage banking in Nigeria is said to have started in 1956 with the establishment of the Nigeria Building Society. According Oduwaye (2014), the society collapsed in the early 70s due to its inability to perform its statutory functions. This led to government injecting N20m and changing its name to Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN). The FMBN took off in 1977, with a takeoff capital of N20 million from the federal government. The FMBN was unable to meet up with the pressure of demand. According to statistics, in 1970, outstanding application were N223.8 million and available funds equaled N127.0 million, meaning that demand and supply was in the ratio of 2:1. This degenerated to ratio 4:1 in 1986 when the outstanding application increased to N465.8 million and only N105.3 million was available. The bank has never been able to meet up with demand. The failure of the FMBN over the years and acute shortage of housing led to the promulgation of the National Housing Policy of 1991. As can be deduced from the above, since government was never able to address each of the problems at their various stages, they kept degenerating from bad to worse, until the present day situation of 17 million housing deficit, which now appears insurmountable. However, the researcher is examining the impact of corruption on mortgage and housing development in Nigeria.

According to experts, successive governments have never been serious about implementing those policies and have never made adequate budget for mortgage financing with a human face. According to Audu (2014), mortgage policies implementation are very poor because the issue of housing is highly capital intensive, government, both state and federal, do not make adequate budget for housing.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The need to study corruption especially on mortgage development in Nigeria has continued to generate passionate commentaries and academic interest due to the level of corruption in the country and its effect on the growth of every sector. In Nigeria corruption is one of the reasons for many unresolved problems that have critically hobbled and reduce housing development (Ayobolu, 2006). International centre for economic growth (1999) states that corruption is a canker worm that has eaten deep in the fabric of the nation which ranges from petty corruption to political or systematic corruption. Corruption has affected mortgage development through poor implementation of policies, diversion of funds etc. the researcher is examining the effect of corruption on mortgage development in Nigeria. 

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The following are the objectives of this study:

To examine the impact of corruption on mortgage development in Nigeria. To determine the level of real estate and mortgage development in Nigeria. To identify ways to combat corruption to enhance mortgage development in Nigeria.

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What is the impact of corruption on mortgage development in Nigeria? What is the level of real estate and mortgage development in Nigeria? What are the ways to combat corruption to enhance mortgage development in Nigeria?

1.5   HYPOTHESIS HO: Corruption does not have any impact on mortgage development in Nigeria. HA: Corruption does have impact on mortgage development in Nigeria.1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The following are the significance of this study:

The outcome of this study will educate the government and policy maker, law enforcement agents on how to combat corruption as a way of promoting mortgage development in Nigeria through proper policy formulation and implementation. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.

1.7   SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study on the impact of corruption on mortgage development in Nigeria will cover all the mortgage policies formulated to enhance housing development in Nigeria compared to the level of housing development in Nigeria. It will also cover the corruption issues related to housing development in Nigeria.

LIMITATION OF STUDYFinancial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.8   DEFINITION OF TERMS Mortgage: a legal agreement by which a bank, building society, etc. lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt. Corruption: dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery. Development: an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation.

REFERENCES Anyanwu, J. C. (2002). Nigerian Public Finance: Joaneel Publishers, Onitsha Audu, B. S. (2014). Corruption, insecurity threaten economic growth in Nigeria. Punch newsonline. March 2014 Oduwaye, E. O. (2014). The effect of corruption and economic reforms on economic growth and development in Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences and Finance, 2(1): 15-25 Ribadu, M. N (2003). Economic Crime and Corruption in Nigeria: the Causes, Effects, and efforts aimed at combating these vices in Nigeria. Paper presented at the Monaco World Summit 5th International Summit on Transnational Crime Monte Carlo 23rd and 24th October 2003 Ruzindana. G. (1999). “Corruption Remains Nigeria's Long Term Challenge”. The Daily Independent Newspapers Tuesday, 24 April 1999

LAND USE ACT ON SUSTAINABLE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

THE EFFECT OF LAND USE ACT ON SUSTAINABLE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY  

Land use regulations and controls are used to restrict the rights of private land holders in the use of land. The regulations are used to protect public interest in the use of private land. The regulations stem from the need to provide public amenities, to increase the efficiency of land-use, to limit urban sprawl and unnecessary encroachment on agricultural land, and to achieve economies of scale and least-cost production of public services (Courtney, 1983).  The regulations are also used to ensure the availability of land to all groups, and to ensure that the benefits of development go to the community as a whole.

Today, if you buy land in Nigeria and you do not have the Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) from the government, it is not yours, all you have is a lease, that is, you never have a freehold. You cannot even have access to any loan or do anything tangible if you do not have fund of your own, not even the National Housing Fund which was set up by the government to render such assistance. Yet the Certificate of Occupancy is even more difficult than getting the land itself. All efforts by some State Governments especially the Lagos State government to ease the procedure and collection have been described as mere gimmicks. We have heard series of cases where Governors wield their powers to revoke legally acquired rights of occupancy in the interest of the public, whereas it was obvious that they were done on political reasons especially against oppositions. The former President of the federation who was the author of the Act when it was promulgated during his first military administration had to reassure Nigerians on 26th of September 2001 in Abuja that “no government owns land” and that “land belongs to the people”. This statement was made when he was condemning the excesses of the Governors. As stated above, since it is a known philosophy that laws are made by men for men and are operated, implemented and enforced by human beings through various legal institutions, our concern is how the Act has affected sustainable housing development schemes in Nigeria.

Several controversies that were created by the Act have been well documented in different reactions and write-ups (Mabogunje (2007; 2011) and Aluko (2007; 2009; 2010) dealt excessively on the gory state of affairs about the housing situations in Nigeria in general and how it could be sustained. In this research study, we try to examine the effects that the Land Use Act has had on sustainable housing provision in Nigeria. Since one of the major areas of the Act is to control future uses and open new land for the needs of Nigeria’s growing population especially in urban areas, yet there is still the outcry of the people to affordable housing provision. In Lagos State for example, the municipalities (local governments) have no say in the issue of Certificate of Occupancy as all lands in the State has been declared urban and are all under the control of the governor. Whereas in the commencement of the Land Use Act 1978 No. 6 on 29th March, 1978, it was stated that “whereas it is in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to the land of Nigeria be asserted and preserved by law”. And that all lands comprised in the territory of each State in the Federation are hereby vested in the Governor of the Stat. The Act also provides that “all land in urban areas shall be under the control and management of the Governor of each State”.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The concern of the researcher in this study is not really another criticism of the Act but an in-depth evaluation of how it has achieved its aim in the mass provision of housing to the people. However the hope of the Nigerian masses lies in the Act with the current wave of high cost of acquisition of land. It should be noted that one of the cogent reasons why the Act came into existence was because of the nature of trusteeship of land in the past. It was difficult for anyone to get access to land. It is important for the researcher to examine if the Act has made it easy for Nigerians to get land for housing development. Ownership of a house starts from the acquisition of a piece of land. That is to say the intending house owner must first of all have access to land. In urban areas access to land is not quite easy and that is why one of the objectives of the Land Use Act is to ensure that land is made available promptly to all those who need it in the interest of the economy. Having regards to the fact that housing is one of the best indicators of a person’s standard of living and of his place in the society, it also serves as a place in which man seeks shelter, comfort, security and dignity among other things, it is important to examine the effect of Land use Act of sustainable housing development in Nigeria. 

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The following are the objectives of this study:

To examine the effect of land use acts on sustainable housing development in Nigeria. To investigate the influence of land use act on ease of land access by Nigerians. To identify the factors limiting sustainable housing development in Nigeria.

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What is the effect of land use acts on sustainable housing development in Nigeria? What is the influence of land use act on ease of land access by Nigerians? What are the factors limiting sustainable housing development in Nigeria?

1.5   HYPOTHESIS HO: Land use act has no significant effect on sustainable housing development in Nigeria HA: Land use act has significant effect on sustainable housing development in Nigeria

1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The following are the significance of this study:

Findings from this study will educate the general public, government, students on the state of housing development in Nigeria and also enlighten them on land use act and its impact on sustainable housing development in Nigeria. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied, it will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.

1.7   SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study on the effect of land use act on sustainable housing development in Nigeria will cover all the existing housing development and schemes by government and how the land use act has affected the ownership of land for housing development.

LIMITATION OF STUDY: Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.1.8   DEFINITION OF TERMS Housing: houses and flats considered collectively. Land: the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water. Development: an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation.

REFERENCES Aluko, Ola. (2007). Renal Sub-sector and Housing Delivery System in Nigeria a paper presented at the National Workshop on Private Sector Driven Housing Delivery; Issues, Constraints, Challenges and Prospects organized by University of Lagos, Department of Estate Management in collaboration with Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria (REDAN), at Main Auditorium, University of Lagos, between (July 30-31). Aluko, Ola. (2009). The role of the professionals in the built environment, in Aluko, Ola Editor (Eds.), Introductory Course in Environmental Sciences. Ibadan: Kins. Aluko, Ola. (2010). Housing Provision and Development in Nigeria: The Dashed Hope of the poor, paper presented at the National Conference and Exhibition on Challenges of Sheller and Environment for Nigeria in the coming Decades (CEENACON) organized by College of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Imo State University, Owerri (April 6-9). Courtney, N. (1983). Cases and Materials on Nigerian Land Law (pp. 1 - 49). Mabochi Books. Mabogunje A. L. (2007). Developing Mega Cities in Developing Countries, being text of a lecture delivered at a Colloquim organized by the 2007 Graduating Class, Department of Geography, University of Lagos on Wednesday (September 12). Mabogunje, Akin L. (2011). Promoting Good Governance: What Can We, The People, Do? Paper presented at 4th Anniversary Public Lecture of the splash 105.5 FM, Ibadan on Friday (July 8).

REAL ESTATE RISK AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR PROJECT VIABILITY

REAL ESTATE RISK AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR PROJECT VIABILITY (A CASE STUDY OF EKEDO RESIDENTIAL ESTATE, UYO)

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Real estate investing involves the purchase, ownership, management, rental and/or sale of real estate for profit. Improvement of realty property as part of a real estate investment strategy is generally considered to be a sub-specialty of real estate investing called real estate development. Real estate is an asset form with limited liquidity relative to other investments, it is also capital intensive (although capital may be gained through mortgage leverage) and is highly cash flow dependent (Syz, 2008). If these factors are not well understood and managed by the investor, real estate becomes a risky investment. The primary cause of investment failure for real estate is that the investor goes into negative cash flow for a period of time that is not sustainable, often forcing them to resell the property at a loss or go into insolvency. A similar practice known as flipping is another reason for failure as the nature of the investment is often associated with short term profit with less effort (Clayton, 2007).

Management and evaluation of risk is a major part of any successful real estate investment strategy. Risks occur in many different ways at every stage of the investment process. For instance mitigation strategy for fraudulent sale is to verify ownership and purchase title insurance. Real estate owners often assume risk on their property exposure in response to unavailability of coverage. While risk retention by ‑ financially sound companies may help to reduce their cost of risk, absence of insurance is not always desirable. In many cases, property owners are required under the terms of their loan covenants to maintain full insurance to value, with restrictions placed upon the amount of deductibles they may carry (Fisher, 2005). Additionally, under high-deductible or self-insurance programs, operating companies no longer have a budgeted premium, and payment of unexpected retained losses creates potential cash  flow problems. Finally, property owners or management of companies have no ability to charge the full cost of retaining property risk to their clients. Although real estate markets represent a large proportion of total wealth in both developing and developed countries, the real-estate derivatives markets are still lagging behind in volume of trading and liquidity with has greatly influenced project viability (Black, 1986). Over the last few years there has been increased activity in developing derivative instruments that can be utilized by asset managers to reduce real estate risk. The possibility of financial loss occurring as the result of owing a real estate investment and its implication on project viability will be focused on in this study. Real estate risk might arise from such things as liability, legal issues, partner problems that can force a sale, fire or theft, loss of rental income and purchasing property with an imperfect title.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Real estate management is a particularly difficult challenge because of its tendency towards liquidity. Typically, even published indices in real estate are based on annual appraisals of large properties, not actual transactions. The recent unprecedented recession has resulted in major long term distress across the real estate industry, and has had severe implications for owners, developers, managers and investors alike. Environmental and construction exposures, catastrophic modeling, stricter lender requirements, and complex requirements involving distressed banks are just some of the risks facing the real estate industry. The researcher however will examine the real estate risks and its implication of project viability.

 1.3  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The following are the objectives of this study:

To identify the risks involved in real estate investments. To examine the effect of real estate risk on project viability To identify ways to minimize risk in real estate investment.

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What are the risks involved in real estate investments? What is the effect of real estate risk on project viability? What are ways to minimize risk in real estate investment?

1.5   HYPOTHESIS HO: real estate risk does not affect project viability HA: real estate risk does affect project viability1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The following are the significance of this study:

Result of this study will educate the general public, investors and estate managers on the real estate risks, how it can be minimized and its implication on project viability. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.

1.7   SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study on real estate risk and its implication on project viability will cover all the risks an investor is exposed to in real estate with a view of understanding its effect on viability of project.LIMITATION OF STUDYFinancial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.REFERENCES Black, D., Success and Failure of Futures Contracts: Theory and Empirical Evidence, Monograph Series in Finance and Economics, Monograph 1986-1. New York University, 1986. Clayton, J. “Commercial Real Estate Derivatives: They‟re Here… Well, Almost.” PREA Quarterly, Winter 2007), pp. 68-71. Fisher, J. D., ‟New Strategies for Commercial Real Estate Investment and Risk Management‟, Journal of Portfolio Management, Vol. 32, 2005, pp. 154-161. Syz. Juerg M. Property Derivatives. (Wiley: Chichester, 2008).

REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT AND ITS ASSOCIATED CHALLENGES

REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT AND ITS ASSOCIATED CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY  

Real estate has continued to play a significant role in man’s evolution. It is not a coincidence that food, shelter and clothing believed to be the three essentials that sustain mankind, also have some linkage to land. Food grows out of land while shelter is affixed to it, and man’s clothing is made largely from what grows out of land. Indeed, whether in ancient times or today’s modern system, land constitutes a significant index for man’s wealth, and as economic activities have assumed more sophistication over time, land has continued to play a central role in their development (Lewis , 1994). There is hardly any business venture that does not require to be supported by some form of real estate: from the small business that requires real estate as offices from where its business can be organized, to the major venture that needs it for its factory.

Consequently, through some very robust and well thought out land policies comprehensively address challenges that are encounter in the real estate sector. This is not exactly the situation here in Nigeria and the result is that there is a myriad of problems in the real estate sector (Adewale, 2000). In the course of this study, the researcher will provide an overview of real estate investments in Nigeria and its associated challenges.

Real estate investment is intrinsically connected to the economic development and well being of any nation, thereby necessitating some intervention by prudent governments. Such interventions vary in degrees, depending on the nation. In Nigeria, individual could rarely lay claim to any part of it as owner and therefore could not alienate it without the consent of the head. Proper financing is all-important to successful property/real estate investment and development. Various forms of finance on varying terms from diverse investing agencies are available to the property/real estate market. The principal field where various forms of investment finance are employed is that of development where every loan has to be specially tailored for an individual scheme and the particular stages within the scheme. Since real estate and property development in particular involves huge capital expenditure, finance is therefore an essential input, the nature of which is to provide capital to enable the enterprise operate commercially (Ratcliff, 1999). The cost and availability of finance for real estate development can influence the viability of such project. It is necessary to examine the nature of real estate investment in Nigeria with a view of finding solutions to the associated challenges.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM In recent times, research on real estate investment has been on the front burner has it is the major source of housing for man. In the hierarchy of man’s needs, housing has been ranked second and as a result of this; housing provision has become a paramount cornerstone of the policies of various governments both at federal and state levels since independence in Nigeria. The consequences of the rapid rate of urbanization are most visible in the rapid deterioration of urban housing resulting in urban housing poverty especially as there is no proportionate increase in the number of housing stocks. . During the period of economic boom in the 1970s in Nigeria, there was surplus capital, the economic climate then was favorable for the development of real estate and the prospect of gain was over blown and so were the rate of development. Due to the recent drop in the prices of crude oil world wide and corruption, government has not been able to invest in real estate. Overpopulation and urbanization has led to massive increase in property development. Financial houses readily obliged developers’ loans, as they perceived minimum risks. Since real estate development requires huge capital outlay, there is always the need for real estate developer to source for fund. However, this study will examine the scope of real estate in Nigeria and its associated challenges with a view of making useful suggestions on the way forward for real estate in Nigeria.

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The following are the objectives of this study:

To provide an overview of real estate investment in Nigeria. To examine the challenges associated with real estate investment in Nigeria. To identify the way forward for real estate in Nigeria.

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What is the level of real estate investment in Nigeria? What are the challenges associated with real estate investment in Nigeria? What is the way forward for real estate in Nigeria?

1.5   HYPOTHESIS HO: Real estate investment has no challenges in Nigeria. HA: Real estate investment has several challenges in Nigeria.

1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The following are the significance of this study:

The findings from this study will educate the general public on the benefit of real estate investment and its associated challenges which will form the basis for guidance in decision making. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.

1.7   SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study on real estate investment and its associated challenges in Nigeria will cover the extent of real estate investment in Nigeria looking at the factors that has facilitated or hindered it. It will also cover the challenges associated with real estate investment in Nigeria.LIMITATION OF STUDYFinancial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.1.8   DEFINITION OF TERMS Investment: an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or appreciate and be sold at a higher price. Real estate: property consisting of land or buildings.REFERENCES Adewale, J.R. 2000: Real Estate Investment Analysis. Lexington Books. Lewis, M.G. (1994): When Real Estate Becomes Big Business: Mergers, Acquisitions and Joint Ventures. Cahners Publishing. Ratcliff, R.U. (1999): Real Estate Analysis. McGraw Hill, New York.