THE IMPACT OF BANKING REFORMS ON BANK PERFORMANCE

THE IMPACT OF BANKING REFORMS ON BANK PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA

 

 

 

 

Reforms are predicated upon the need for reorientation and repositioning of an existing status quo in order to attain an effective and efficient state. There could be fundamental bottle-neck that may inhibit the functioning of the institutions for growth and the achievement of core objectives in the drive towards enhancing and sustaining the economic and social imperatives of human endeavor. Carried out through either government institutions or private enterprises, reform becomes inevitable in the light of the global dynamic exigencies and emerging landscape (Somoye, 2006).

 

In terms of policy thrust therefore the banking sector reforms are expected to build and foster a competitive and healthy financial system to support development and avoid systemic distress (Soludo, 2007). Thus Balogun (2007) averred that banking sector reforms is interpreted to mean embarking on comprehensive process aimed at

Substantially improving the financial infrastructure, strengthening the regulatory and supervisory framework to address the issue of low capitalization and a structured financing for cheap credit to the real sector and financial accommodation for small and rural credit schemes. In most cases, bank reforms are embarked upon to forestall banking crises or cushion the effects of a recent crisis. Banking sector reforms have come into play due to banks inability to meet up to required obligations or satisfy their stakeholders which overtime have led to subsequent failures and crises. A banking crisis can be triggered by weakness in banking system characterized by persistent illiquidity, insolvency, undercapitalization, high level of non-performing loans and weak corporate governance, among others. (Adegbaju and Olokoyo, 2008).

 

The reforms carried out in Nigerian banking industry which started from July 6  2004 was done primarily to meet the developmental challenges of the 21^st century. In his words, Professor Charles Soludo, the governor of Central Bank of Nigeria from June 2004 to June 2009 said that the reforms were to engender exchange rate and price stability, managing interest rate for stability and development of macroeconomic coordination, vigorous pursuit of the developmental roles of the CBN, improvement of the payment system, financial sector diversification and regulatory reforms and strategies for integrating the Nigeria’s financial system into the African regional and global financial system. He further emphasized his desire to concentrate on the theme of banking sector consolidation. Strengthening and consolidating the banking system was to constitute the first phase of the reforms designed to ensure a diversified, strong and reliable banking sector which will ensure the safety of the depositor’s money, play active developmental roles in the Nigerian economy and be competent and competitive players in the African regional and global financial system. The reform was to support the banks to become strong players for good health, long live and positive contributors to the economy. Depositors were expected to have sweet dreams in aftermath of this reform. With the universal Banking system which was introduced in 2000, banks became one stop shops offering a range of financial services, insurance, mortgage, stock broking, investment, banking etc. Unfortunately after the observation that the banks were putting shareholders’ funds at risk and not concentrating on their areas of core competence, the central Bank of Nigeria on 15 March 2010 announced the phasing out of universal banking within the 18 months. All these reforms had taken place but the benefits especially as it relates to bank performance is still a doubt to many people.

 

 

1.0  STATEMENT TO THE PROBLEM

Oloyode (1994) observed that the banking sector over the years has been faced with so many crises and some fraudulent practices. These crises led to the recent reforms in the banking system one of which was merger and acquisition of banks. Oke (2006) observed that the inconsistency in monetary reforms and regulatory policies as a major setback to banks stability as the surveillance and regulatory measures of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) have unfortunately been unable to keep the pace with the rapidity of the changes in the financial system.

 

One objective of the reform is to create a sound and more secured banking system that depositors can trust. These banking reforms were expected to address the problem faced by the banks and other technically insolvent institutions without an initial resort to liquidation, with all its adverse consequences for deposits. These problems encountered by the banks before the reformation according to Lemo (2005) were as follows:

a.       Weak corporate governance, evidenced by high turnover in the board and management staff, inaccurate reports and non compliance with regulatory requirements.

b.      Late or non publication of annual accounts that obviates the impact of market discipline in ensuring banking soundness.

c.        Poor risk management practice.

d.      Operation at level lower than that which could deliver competitive return on equity.

e.       Poor asset quality.

f.       Poor quality services and diversified delivery channels.

g.      Thin spread of qualified and experienced man power.

h.      Heavy reliance by banks on government patronage.

i.        Gross insider abuses, resulting in huge non performing insider related credits.

j.        Weak capital base, the minimum capital base before the reforms was N2 billion which is approximately $15 million. But after the reform the minimum capital requirement stood at N25 billion, approximately $250 million.

According to Soludo (2007), the Nigerian banking system has undergone remarkable changes over the years. Regimes in Central Bank of Nigeria have always geared up towards the avoidance of banking distresses and its attendant consequences as witnessed in Nigeria in the past. These changes have been influenced largely by challenges posed by the reforms in an attempt to consolidate and strengthen the banking system and solve the problem of illiquidity and distress, and to restore public confidence in the sector. However, the correlation between these sets of reforms and banks performance has not been clearly ascertained.

 

 

1.1  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to ascertain the impact of banking reforms on Bank performance in Nigeria. The specific objectives are:

1.   To determine the effect (s) of banking reforms on bank performance in Nigeria.

2        To assess the impact of interest rate restructuring on bank’s performance in Nigeria.

3        To determine the impact of Bank Recapitalization /consolidation on bank’s performance in Nigeria.

 

1.4       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions were formulated to address the research problem and the research objectives as discussed above. Three principal research questions were answered in this study. They are:

1.      Do bank reforms have any effect on bank’s performance in Nigeria?

2.      How does interest Rate restructuring impact on bank’s performance in Nigeria?

3.      Has bank recapitalization /consolidation had any impact on bank’s performance Nigeria?

 

1.5       RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Based on the research questions above the following hypotheses were designed to guide the course of study

1.      Bank reforms do not have any effect on bank’s performance in Nigeria.

2.      There is no significant impact on bank’s performance by interest Rate in Nigeria.

3.      Bank Recapitalization/consolidation does not significantly impact on bank’s performance in Nigeria.

 

1.6    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research covers all the reforms that have taken place in the Nigerian Banking system within the period 2000 – 2008.

 

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

One of the major significance of the work includes the evaluation of the banking reforms in terms of its impact on efficiency in the Nigerian banking sector. At the en of this study, the following shall benefit.

v  Government of Nigeria at respective levels: Federal, State and Local Government in seeing the way to propound laws to care for the problems of the monetary policies of the bank.

v  The bankers in seeing how to execute their works in order to bring about a fair and sound financial system.

v  General public in understanding how the reforms have helped the banking sector.

 

1.8       OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Consolidation: This occurs when two companies combines into one for either a

business or other purposes.

Mergers: A merger occurs when two or more companies transfer their businesses and asset to a new company and in consideration; their members receive shares in the transferee company

Acquisition: An acquisition occurs when one company acquires sufficient shares in another company so as to control that other company. This may be inform of take over bids or by purchasing shares in the market

 

 

EDITOR SOURCE:     The Impact Of Banking Reforms On Bank Performance In Nigeria

 

TAKING OFF PROCESSES AND PREPARATION OF AN UN-PRICED BILL OF QUANTITIES

TAKING OFF PROCESSES AND PREPARATION OF AN UN-PRICED BILL OF QUANTITIES (A CASE STUDY OF THE PROPOSED FOUR (4) BEDROOM FULLY DETACHED DUPLEX AT PLOT 3003A AND 3003B SABONLUGBE EAST EXTENSION LAYOUT, CADASTRAL 07-07, ABUJA NIGERIA)

 

 

 

 

 

In partial fulfillment for the requirement of the award of National Diploma (ND) in Quantity Surveying, student will have to demonstrate what have been taught in class.

        Thus, this project which is a group work is aimed at taking off and preparing a Un-Priced Bill of Quantities for the proposed Four (4) Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex at plot 3003A and 3003B Sanbowlugbe East Extension Layout Cadastral Zone 07-07 Abuja Nigeria.

        This project is also aimed at exposing us to practical aspect of that which is not taught in class and also enable us know more better about what has already been taught in the class.

 

 

1.1   DESCRIPTION OF WORK

        The project as it is fully shown on the building drawing or plan is the construction of a proposed four (4) Bedroom fully detached, duplex at 3003A and 3003B Sambowlugbe East Extention layout cadastral Zone 07-07 Abuja, Nigeria.

For: Rainbow workstation service Ltd.

        This project work includes the process of taking off for the building, abstracting and the process of preparing an un-priced bill of quantities for substructural work only.

 

 

1.2   AIMS & OBJECTIVES

1.2.1        AIMS

        The aim of this project work is to prepared a taking off for quantities completely for four (4) bedroom fully detached duplex and to prepare an abstract and un-priced bill of quantities for the sub structural work.

 

 

1.2.2        OBJECTIVES

        In order to achieve the aforementioned aims, the following objectives are carried out.

-      To prepare literature review of some terms for better understanding of the little of the project.

-      To prepare a taking off and squaring quantities for four (4) bedrooms fully detached duplex.

-      To prepare an abstract for substructure work only.

-      To prepare an un-priced bill of quantities for substructure work only.

 

 

1.3   SCOPE AND LIMITATION

        The scope of this work is limited to the processes that are involved in taking off and preparing an un-priced bill of quantities for building work but excluding the abstracting, un-priced bill of quantities and service for super structural work.

 

 

ABSTRACT

        Class work alone on measurement of building work is not enough to equipped the student with the required knowledge and skill required on the measurement of building work, it is against this background that the introduction of project work was introduce to expose the student to practical and theoretical method of taking off of building work apart from class work so as to increase their skill and knowledge in addition to class work.

        The chapter one of this project demonstrate the aims and objectives of this research, the scope and limitation while the chapter two and three represent a literature review on measurement of building work in order to have a better understanding of taking off, abstracting and billing processes prepared in chapter for the proposed four (4) bedroom fully detached duplex.

 

EDITOR SOURCE:     Taking Off Processes And Preparation Of An Un-Priced Bill Of Quantities

ESTIMATING AND BUDGETING A MEDIUM SCALE BUILDING PROJECT

 

ESTIMATING AND BUDGETING A MEDIUM SCALE BUILDING PROJECT (A CASE STUDY OF A PROPOSED DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING AT KWARA STATE)

 

 

 

 

This project is based on proposed multi-purpose studio hall off Oke Ose community central mosques Ilorin.

Kwara state is one of the 36 states in Nigeria, in which Ilorin is the Capital; in Kwara state we have several higher institutions which include university of Ilorin, Kwara State Polytechnic, Federal Polytechnic Offa, College of Education Oro, Kwara State University Ilorin and also College of Education Ilorin.

TELEVISION STUDIO

        A television studio is an installation in which video production take place, either for the recording of live television to video tape, or for the acquisition of raw footage for post production.

 

 

STUDIO FLOOR

        A studio floor is the actual stage on which the actions that will be recorded take place. Studio floor has the following characteristics and installations:-

-      Decoration or sets

-      Professional video camera (sometimes one usually several) on pedestals.

-      Microphones

-      Stage lightning rigs and the associated controlling equipment.

-      Several video monitors for visual feedback from the production control room (PCR).

-      A small public address system for communication

-      A glass window between PCR and studio floor for direct visual contract is usually desired, but not always possible while a production is in progress, people composing a television crew work studio floor.

PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM

        The studio control room (SCR) is the place in a television studio in which the compositions of the outgoing program take place. The production control room is occasionally also called a studio room.

MASTER CONTROL ROOM

        The mater control room, house equipment that is too noisy or runs too hot for the production control room (PCR). It also makes sure that coax cable and other wire lengths and installation requirement keep within manageable lengths since most high-quality wiring runs only between devices in this room.

OTHER FACILITIES

        A television studio usually has other rooms with no technical requirement beyond broadcast reference monitors and studio monitors for audio. Among them are:-

-      One or more make-up and changing rooms.

-      A reception area for crew, toilet and visitors, commonly called the green room.

The design term on consultancy, services headed by the Architects, civil engineers, who carry out the design, this process are a planned office works into the requirement of the client. The production of a building in a more economical, quick and orderly manner, other professional function along side with the architect for the cost implication and preparation of bill of quantities (BOQ). The expected professional needed at the stage is the quantity surveyor. His concern is the economics of all resources such as labor, plant materials and financial aspect in order to produce building in the quick and economical manner because many building today have not been completed.

 

 

1.1   DESCRIPTION OF WORKS

        These projects consist of construction and erection of the proposed Multi-Purpose studio Hall situated at Oke-Ose community at University of Ilorin teaching hospital Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria.

        The studio development and take off project will be constructed on loamy soil of about 28,410 in length and 13,820 widths.

        The construction is formed on plain over site concrete floor is of reinforce concrete slab (150mm thick). The walls are 230mm tick concrete block. The roofing used in long san aluminum roofing sheet fixed a roofing structure, plumbing installation, electrical installation complete etc.

 

 

 

1.2   AIM AND OBJECTIVES

        The major aim of the study is to estimate and budget for proposed Multi studio hall at Oke Ose community, Ilorin.

OBJECTIVES

-      To understand bill operation of taking off process, abstraction bill drafting and pricing.

-      To understand the process of site feasibility report.

-      To understand the process of given pre-construction cost of any proposed project.

1.3   SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

        The scope of the project is to prepare a draft bill of quantities for a proposed multipurpose studio hall.

        However, the limitation may not be accurate as a result of:

-      Inability of conduct proper site investigation.

-      Inability of conduct the architect that designs the project

 

 

 

EDITOR SOURCE: Estimating And Budgeting A Medium Scale Building Project

EFFECT OF QUALITY CULTURE ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN NIGERIA

EFFECT OF QUALITY CULTURE ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF KWARA STATE)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Construction impacts the quality of life for building facilities and plays a major role in a nation's economy and development. Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act (2005) Section 17(4)  basically  sets out that construction work is an activity on structure that includes building work, civil engineering   or   engineering   construction   work.   Furthermore,   the   end-products   of construction works had been in the centre of economic development of a nation. According to Farooqui. Mashood and Aziz (2008) construction sector is globally considered to be a basic industry on which the development of the country depends. To a great extent, the growth of a country and its development status is generally determined by the quality of its infrastructures and construction projects.

Construction project development involves numerous parties, various processes, different phases and stages of work and a great deal of input from both the public and private sectors, with the major aim being to bring the project to a successful conclusion (Takim and Akintoye, 2002). Hence, the success of any construction project can be expressed in terms of performance. Blismas, Slier and Thorpe (1999) reckon that project performance is the act of fulfilling the project goals at the inception by the client and the project team in terms of the budget, duration, and quality and client satisfaction. According to Egemen and  Mohamed (2006), performance evaluation in construction generally focuses on a limited number of performance elements related to the product, which are completing the project on time, within budget and with the required quality.

According to Jackson (2004), quality is contained in the tripod of construction management; it does not only impact appearance and durability but also the performance of a project. In today's construction climate, public sector owners are finding themselves under increasing pressure to improve project performance, complete projects faster, and reduce the cost of administering their

construction programs.

However, Abdul-Rahman, Wang and Yap (2010) mentioned that clients and customers, both from the public and private sectors, nowadays place more emphasis on the quality of products rather than the cost and time which was the major concern in the past. In terms of quality in construction, Arditi and Gunaydin (1997) opined that 'high quality building project depends a great deal on factors such as   the   design   being   easily   understandable   and   applicable,   conformity   of  design   with specifications, economics of construction, ease of operation ,ease of maintenance and energy efficiency.

1.2       RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to assess the quality culture on building construction works in Kwara State, Nigeria. To accomplish this aim, a number of research objectives have been established:

 

These include:

1.         To assess the perception of quality in construction industry in Nigeria

2.         To evaluate the factors affecting the implementation of quality culture in construction works in Nigeria

3.         To examine the factors affecting the maintenance of quality culture in construction works in Nigeria

4.         To evaluate the constraints encountered in the implementation of quality culture in construction works in Nigeria.

1.3       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.         What is the perception of quality on building construction industry in Nigeria?

2.         What are the factors affecting the implementation of quality culture on building construction works in Nigeria?

3.         What are the factors affecting the maintenance of quality culture on building construction works in Nigeria?

4.         What are  the  constraints  encountered  in  the  implementation of quality culture  on building construction works in Nigeria?

1.4       RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

This study intends to test the hypothesis that:

1.         There is no significant difference between the level of quality culture in public and private organizations in Nigeria.

2.         There is no significant difference between the perception of quality in public and private organizations in Nigeria.

1.5       SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

There has been little research into quality culture. The intention of this study is to provide information on quality culture in construction industries in Kwara state, Nigeria. The findings of this study amongst other things will highlight the level of quality culture in construction industries in Kwara state. It is the conviction of the researcher that this study will complement existing works and add to the growing literature on the subject matter of quality culture. It is also hoped that the study would provide a springboard on which further studies could be conducted.

1.6       DELIMITATION AND SCOPE OF STUDY

In pursuing this research the focus of attention is on the level of quality culture in construction and the construction project itself. The construction project is thus the unit of analysis. Works and  the research covers small, medium and large scale contracting, client and consulting organizations involved in civil engineering and building projects, as well as the different types of facilities (e.g. commercial or educational). The targeted respondents in these organizations include the project manager, construction manager, architect, engineers, quantity surveyors and other people who have a stake in or can influence the construction project.

1.7       DEFINITION OF TERMS

Quality:          In the construction industry, quality can be defined as meeting the requirements of the designer, constructor and regulatory agencies as well as the owner (Arditi and Gunaydin, 1997).

Quality culture: (International practical seminar Quality Culture Development, 2010)  defines  quality culture as an organizational value system that results in an environment that is conducive to the establishment and continual improvement of quality.

Project performance: Project performance is a measure of the outcome of a project that is the level to which desired project objectives are achieved (Idoro, 2008).

Total Quality Management: Is a management philosophy, a paradigm, a continuous improvement approach to doing business through a new management model (PHCC, 1996).

 

 

 

EDITOR SOURCE:     Effect Of Quality Culture On Building Construction Project In Nigeria

EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION AMONG RURAL FARM HOUSEHOLDS

 

EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION AMONG RURAL FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN YEWA DIVISION OF OGUN STATE

 

 

 

Nigeria as a land filled with milk and honey suffers from the menace of poverty. Different questions have been asked to how poverty which is affecting the economy can be reduced to minimum. Several Government bodies have been setup to find a lasting solution to the problem striking the masses. However,it will be expedient to know what poverty is all about and to know the meaning of cooperative according to different scholars and join the two together to have a clearer understanding of the purpose of the study.

According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Poverty is a state of being poor. It is the inability of a household to generate adequate income for the maintenance of the household.

Poverty has become a pervasive National and Global issue resulting from a state of short or long term deprivation and insecurity in basic human needs (Chambers, 1996; Mullen, 1996;Obadan, 2002). Poverty has also become a feature of the living conditions and life situation of the vast majority of Nigerians. The incidence of poverty in Nigeria was put at 28.8% in 1980, 46.3% in 1985, 42.7% in 1992 and 65.6% in 1996. In 2008, estimates from the National Bureau of Statistics put incidence of poverty at 54.4% (Fakoya, Banmeke, Ashimolowo, Fapojuwo2010). Several evidences have suggested that majority of the world’s poor live and work in the rural area and that they would continue to do so in 2025 (IFAD, 2001).

(Oseni, 2007) defined poverty as a state of involuntarily deprivation to which a person, household, community or nation can be subjected topoverty is a condition in which one cannot generate sufficient incomerequired to secure a minimum standard of living in a sustainable pattern. Poverty in Nigeria is caused by lack of employment, high rate of illiteracy among the citizenry, poor infrastructure, inadequate access to micro credit facilities, mismanagement of public funds, bad governance, instability of the governments and its policies. Poverty gives rise to many other serious social problems, some of which, not only impose enormous economic and social costs upon the non- poor and society in general, but also threaten the survival and stability of the society. In these regards, the Federal Government of Nigeria had designed several programmes aimed at alleviating poverty and improving the living conditions of its people which include Operation Feed the Nation (OFN), Green Revolution, Structural Adjustment Programme, Better Life Programme and Family Support Programme, National Directorate of Employment (NDE), Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI), National PovertyEradication Programme (NAPEP) and National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS). These programmes bythe various governments of Nigeria were designed by policy makers and targeted at poverty alleviation in Nigeria. Unfortunately, the quality of life of majority of Nigerians had remained unenviable and embarrassingly low, despite the huge budgetary allocations by these governments to these poverty alleviation programmes (Orji, 2005). There is a need to identify other means of addressing the serious damage caused by poverty to the Nigerian society, attention should therefore be shifted to the use of self-help using Cooperative organizations formed and administered by the people.

Cooperativeshave been dedicated to conducting business in a way now being recommended as the most effective route to transformational development: putting people in charge of their own destinies and helping them bring services to their communities; increasing decision making, trust and accountability through democratic participation; providing a profitable connection to the private sector; building and protecting assets at the community level; limiting the role of government; and working together to resolve problems.

A co-operative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, as well as cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise (COPAC, 1999). A Co-operative is a group-based and members-owned business that can be formed for economic and social development in any sector (Ohio Co-operative Development Centres (OCDC) 2007). According to DFID (2005), co- operatives have four main characteristics: first, they are formed by groups of people, who have a specified need or problem. Secondly, the organization is formed freely by members after contributing to its assets. Thirdly, the organization formed, is governed democratically in order to achieve desired objectives on equitable norms, and fourthly, it is an independent enterprise promoted, owned and controlled by people to meet their needs. Cooperatives provide self-employment through millions of worker-owners of production and service cooperatives; financial cooperatives mobilize capital for productive investment and provide people with secure institutions for the deposit of savings; consumer cooperatives provide households with affordable goods and services reducing the proportion of income usedfor basic living costs, and similarly user-owned cooperatives such as housing, utility, health and social care cooperatives provide affordable access to basic services.

Cooperative as socio-economic institutions through their activities could be a potent tool for poverty alleviation particularly in fighting poverty and unemployment. This could be in the area of agriculture, provision of infrastructural facilities and education.

Therefore, in Yewa Division where the research wascarried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the impact of cooperative societies in alleviating poverty among rural households.

1.2.      Problem Statement

Poverty is seriously severe in rural areas where social services and infrastructures are limited or not in existence. The greater number of those who live in rural areas depends solely on agriculture for food and income, and a high proportion of rural people suffer from malnutrition and other diseases related to poor nutrition.

Rural poverty tends to be evenly distributed in the country rather than concentrated in specific geographical area. Rural infrastructure across has been long neglected why investment in health, Education and Water supply have largely been focused obn the cities. As a result, the rural household has extremely limited access to services such as schools, health centers and about half of the rural household population lacks access to save drinking water, limited education opportunities and poor health perpetuate the poverty circle. The poor tends to live in isolated villages that can become virtually inaccessible during rainy season.

Therefore, the situation is aggravated by the fact that many rural household are stark illiterates, and also lack inadequate capital to start a business of their own.

On the other hand,cooperatives in Nigeria are still known to be bedevilled with problems including,lack of capital, lack of access to credit facilities, poor management,misappropriation of funds, etc. While efforts are being made by stakeholders ofcooperative in Nigeria to remove and/or reduce these problems, there is anapparent consensus that the need for adequate and sufficient knowledge of the roleof cooperatives in poverty alleviation still exists. For example there is a need toidentify and analyse in sufficient details those cooperative activities and functionsthat bear directly on the economic empowerment of members, as well asidentifying factors that could promote and enhance cooperative efforts in povertyreduction. Unless these issues are known and appreciated, the emphasis oncooperative as a poverty alleviating platform may continue to be unrealistic.

The questions of interest in this study are;

i.        What are the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area?

ii.      What is the incidence, depth and severity of poverty among the respondents?

iii.    What are the determinants of poverty among the rural households?

iv.    What are the influences of cooperative membership on poverty status of rural households?

v.      What are the constraint affecting cooperative societies in alleviating poverty?

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of the study is to access the importance of cooperative societies in alleviating poverty among rural household.

The specific objectives are to;

i.                    examinethe socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area.

ii.                  assessthe incidence, depth and severity of poverty among the respondents.

iii.                examine the determinants of poverty among the rural households

iv.                examinethe influence of cooperative membership on poverty status of rural households.

v.                  constraint affecting cooperative society in alleviating poverty.

1.4       Justification of the Study

From time past, Nigerian government and the international agencies have introduced measures in alleviating poverty, such programmes ranges from Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in early 1980s; Directorate for Food Road and Rural Infrastructure (DEFRRI). Therefore the study is aimed at the following

1)      To reveal how cooperative will further increase its role in poverty reduction and also to convince policy makers that it is time to develop a national poverty reduction policy through cooperative society.

2)      To the poor, to know how cooperative society works, which will go a long way in assisting them to reduce poverty, by establishing Cooperative Societies.

3)      To the Federal Government, they can use this work as a standard in measuring the effectiveness of cooperative societies. Hence, Government can through this work know the appropriate steps to take in funding cooperative societies.

1.5       Plan of the Study

This research was divided into five chapters, Chapter one consist of introduction, research problem; objective and justification. While chapter two consist of  literature review and conceptual framework, chapter three consist of research methodology, sampling techniques, method of data collection and method of data analysis. On the other hand, chapter four consists of result and discussion and chapter five is the summary, conclusion and recommendation.

EDITOR SOURCE:     Effect Of Cooperative Societies On Poverty Alleviation Among Rural Farm Households