1.1. INTRODUCTION
Biomass
resources including wood and wood wastes, agricultural residues, municipal solid
waste, animal wastes, wastes from food processing and aquatic plants and algae.
They are renewable resources whose utilization has received great attention due
to environmental consideration and the increasing demand of energy worldwide.
(Bakat et. al., 2009; Tsai et.al., 2007). Biomass can be converted to
energy via tgermochemical conversion processes such as direct combustion,
pyrolysis and gasification. (Pattiya Suttibak, 2012). Fast pyrolysis or rapid
pyrolysis is mostly applied to biomass so as to change it to less energy- dense
solid form into liquid form which called Bio-oil. It is thermal decomposition
occurring in the absent of Oxygen.
In fast
pyrolysis, biomass decomposes very quickly to generate mostly vapourised
quickly to generate mostly vapourised and some charcoal and non- considerable
gas. After cooling and condensation, a dark brown homogeneous mobile liquid is
formed which has heating value about half that of conventional fuel oil. A high
yield of liquid is obtained with most biomass feed low in ash. (Bridgewater,
2012).
Many
researchers studied the production of bio-oil from various types of biomass by
many fast pyrolysis reaction configuration. The yield of bio-oil could be as
high as 75wt% on dry biomass feed depending on the type of biomass and
the reaction unit. (Bridgewater, 2012). Bio-oil can be used as an alternative
fuel i n furnaces and engines in order to produce heat and power. In addition
bio-oil can be used as a raw material for chemical production. Groundnut and peanut
are species of legumes. They are oil crops. Also, oilpalm, soybeans, coconuts,
sesame and castor beans. The main sources of groundnuts are in China, India,
Nigeria, USA, Myanmar, Indonesia, Sudan, Vietnam and Thailand. (FAO, 2013).
Typically, groundnut is grown for food production.
Lately,
groundnut is also a feedstock for oil production. Residues from groundnut is
called SHELL. The shell is mostly burnt in the fields, and are not efficiently
used for energy. Only small part of the groundnut shell is
used as a compost and animal feed. By applying fast pyrolysis technology to groundnut shell for
bio-oil production, the advantage is not only on fuel value aspect, but also on
the environmental aspect. Abnisa et al., 2011, studied production of bio-oil
via pyrolysis of palm shell in a fix-bed reactor and find that the bio-oil
yield was 46.4%wt at 500°c and contain high water and oxygen.
1.2.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
All
over the world, increase in the demand of fuel for I.C engines in day to day
life,there is need for alternative fuel energy sources such as vegetable oil,
orange oil, Cashew nut oil, and tyre pyrolysis etc. (Faith Demirbas M. 2007).
Also, due to increase in energy needs, especially for the environmental benign
energy, the biomass waste, as a renewable source of energy, is of great
potentiality. (Mazlam M. A. F et al. 2015). The amount of available biomass
residues for conversion into renewable fuels and value added products is quite
immense. Finding an environmental and sustainable method for utilization of
biomass waste has become a critical problem in many agricultural countries. The
biomass waste can be considered as a zero waste net CO2 energy source because
the CO2 generated by biomass combustion can be absorbed and recycled from the
atmosphere by replanting harvested biomass.(Mikulcic H. et al. 2014)
The use
of biomass thus makes no contribution to the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere.
(Mckendry P., Et al. 2002). During the past decade, harnessing energy from
biomass has grown tremendously. (Kumar A. Et al.)
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What
is the meaning of pyrolysis?
1.5.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Biowastes
are converted into useful pyrolysis oil by using different techniques such as
hydrolysis, gasification, liquefaction, dry combustion, pyrolysis, anaerobic
digestion, and bio photolysis. (Ganapathy Sundaram E. 2009). The pyrolysis is
one of the important method for production of oil from biomass waste and it has
been divided into there categories, which are fast, slow and Vacuum pyrolysis.
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process,it converts the biowaste into liquid, gas
and solid prosucts. (Dmitri A. 2011; Nirwan Sharif, 2012; Augustinova J.2013;
Theodore Dickerson, 2013).
The
pyrolysis has certain benefits compared to the other methods like operating
cost, low pressure, simple procedure and higher efficiency. This produces
bio-oil from the biomass. The biomass is heated at higher temperature in the
closed combustion system at absence of oxygen to produce pyrolysis by-products
such as pyrogas, pyrolytic oil, and Char. (Nurun Nabi MD, 2011; Prakash R.
2011).
1.6.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
REFERENCES
1.
Abnisa F., Wan Daud WMA, Sahu J.N., 2011. Optimization and characterization
studies on bio-oil production from palm shell by pyrolysis using response
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2.
Balat M., Balat M., Kertay E., Balat H. 2009. Main routes for the thermo
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Energy conversion and management 50, 3147-3157.
3.
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Biomass and bioenergy 38, 68-94.
4.
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fuels via Pyrolysis and gasification. A review Journal of catalysis today,
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5.
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6.
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12.
Nuruu Nabi MD, Sultan Mahmud MD, Monirujjaman MD and Shamim Akuten MD.
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13.
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yields and properties of bio-oil derived from rapid pyrolysis of paddy
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