ASSESSMENT OF RISK ON ROAD PROJECTS IN NIGERIA CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

 

ASSESSMENT OF RISK ON ROAD PROJECTS IN NIGERIA CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF LAGOS METROPOLIS)

 

 

 

Consequences of uncertainty and its exposure in a project, is risk. In a project context, risk is the chance of something happening that will have an impact upon objectives. It includes the possibility of loss or gain, or variation from a desired or planned outcome, as a consequence of the uncertainty associated with following a particular course of action. (Deviprasadh, 2007). Risk thus has two elements: the likelihood or probability of something happening, and the consequences or impacts if it does. Managing risk is an integral part of good management; it is fundamental to achieving good business and project outcomes and the effective procurement of goods and services Risk management provides a structured way of assessing and dealing with future uncertainly. Project risk management includes the processes concerned with identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risk. It includes maximizing the results of positive events and minimizing the consequences of adverse events." (Deviprasadh, 2007).

Project Management Institute (2004) defines project risk as an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or a negative effect on at least one project objective, such as time, cost, scope, or quality. A risk may have one or more causes and, if it occurs, one or more impacts Construction projects vary in type and nature and a large number of people with professional skills. The variations are endless, but what all projects have in common is their exposure to risk (Flanagan and Norman, 1999).

Civil engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the creation, improvement, and protection of the communal environment, providing facilities for living, industry and transportation, including large buildings, roads, bridges, canals, and other engineered constructions (Stark, 2008). It is characterized by its high magnitude, uncertainties and the level of risk involved (Seeley and Murray, 2001). Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, it is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering. Coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. (Oakes  2001).

Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies (ICE, 2007), Civil engineering was first introduced as a profession in 1828 and the Royal charter of the Institute of Civil Engineers (2007) defined civil engineering as the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation and docks, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns (ICE, 2007). Construction engineering is a civil engineering sub discipline that involves planning and execution of the designs from transportation (Wikipedia, 2011). The modes of transportation as identified by Lam (1999) are roadways, railways, waterways, and airways. A road is a route on land between two places which typically has been paved or other wise improved to allow travel by some conveyance (Wikipedia, 2011).

Cost overruns and delays are not unusual in civil engineering works. This pattern of risk is' largely influenced by the financial structure of the projects (Lam, 1999).

 During limes of foreign exchange and interest role fluctuations, most conventional projects funded by direct capital injection from the governments may be affected by cost increases in their imported elements. The use of project finance in privatized projects also means that lenders rely solely on the prospective income stream for repayment of their loans. Late completion will erode the financial plan and extra interest costs on the part of the sponsors. There are also uncertainties as to the level and stability of income which depends on the market condition of the product in question. In road project, land acquisition can be a slow and expensive process especially when a long road has to go through different municipalities or different provinces having non-standardized land resumption procedures. Right of way disputes sometimes creep in, as is the likelihood of treading on archeological mines and former industrial site with contaminated grounds (Lam, 1999).

There are many examples of non-achievement of time, cost and quality of projects due to the absence of risk management techniques in project management. Therefore, the success parameters of a construction project, namely, the timely completion, staying within the specified budget, and achieving requisite performance would depend upon the capability of each party in risk management. (Perera, 2009).

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As construction and engineering projects increases in complexity, the magnitude of risk involved for all the parties involved increases, from the clients, to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, investors, and financial institutions (Seeley & Murray, 2001). Risk has been studied by different researchers (Farinloye 2009: Onukbwe 2009; Dada and Jagboro, 2007; Baker 1999; Perera et al, 2009) in the light of the influence it has made in decision making in the construction industry and the techniques that could be used by the design and construction team in the management of risk on construction projects.

 

Farinloye et al., (2009) assessed the construction professional's perception of risk impact on cost of building projects and concluded that completion delay is the risk variable that has the highest probability of occurrence and this risk has the second highest impact on construction cost. Onukwube et al., (2009) also assessed risk in the light of the impact it has on contractors' pricing in building projects and concluded that inadequate cash flow had a significant impact on contractors pricing of building projects. These studies were limited to building projects in Nigeria and no attempt was made to cover road projects.

Dada and Jagboro (2007) carried out an evaluation of the impact of risk on project cost overrun; they identified the risk factors inherent in different building procurement methods and assessed their impact on project cost. However, this study was limited to risk factors in relation to building procurement methods and the impact on cost. Baker et al., (1999) examined the risk response techniques employed for major projects and they concluded that the construction industry concentrates almost exclusively on reduction of financial risk. Perera et al., (2009) also assessed risk in civil engineering construction, they identified the risk responsibilities of contractual parties’ in order to improve their risk handling strategies but the study was limited to road construction in Sri Lanka.

Therefore, this study becomes vital to fill the gaps identified above as the research works identified did not cover the impact of risk on road projects in Nigerian Construction industry. In the light of this, the following research questions are raised:

1.3      RESEARCH QUESTIONS

i.                   What are the risk factors inherent in road project?

ii.                 What are the effects of risk on the duration of road?

iii.              How do these factors affect the total construction cost of road  project?

 

1.4    AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research is to examine the impact of risk on road projects in Nigerian construction industry. The specific objectives are to;

i.                    Identify and assess the various risk factors associated with road project in Nigerian construction industry.

ii.                  Determine the effect of risk factors on cost of road project in the study area.

iii.                Determine the effect of risk factors on completion time of road project in the study area.

1.5   JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Civil engineering works encompass a wide range of different projects which are of great magnitude. Vast cuttings and embankments, mass and reinforced concrete structures, large structural steel construction, reservoirs, sewage schemes, piling for heavy foundations, harbor works, dry docks, roads, canal and railways, all form subject matter of civil engineering contracts.

These works require considerable skill and technical knowledge in both their design and construction. Continual changes in nature and methods of construction in these projects, and the increasing size and complexity of these works increases the risk involved (Seeley & Murray, 2001). Road projects however often confront many uncertainties, due to factors such as resource availability, the physical, economic and political environments, statutory regulations, etc.(Perera et al., 2009). According to Wang and Chou (2003), such risks have a significant effect on the outcome of a road construction process.

Assessing risk offsets negative impact it may have and pursue positive impact (PM1, 2004). The study therefore becomes necessary to identify the impact of risk on road projects with a view to providing information to construction professionals in reducing to the barest minimum the risk associated with road projects in Nigeria.

1.6   SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study focused on the assessment of the impact of risk on road projects in Nigeria. The study was restricted to federal and state roads in Lagos state.

1.7     RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The approaches that were adopted to achieve the stated objectives include the following: primary and secondary data source.

The primary source of data was generated through questionnaire survey administered to construction professionals in civil engineering construction and consulting companies, and professionals that coordinate road project in the federal and state ministries in the study area. The survey was carried out in order to assess the risk-factors inherent in road projects in terms of their degree of severity and assess their impact on total cost and duration of the project.

The secondary source of data included reports such as published textbooks, refereed conference proceedings; dissertation or theses and government publications which focus on the theme of the research.

 

EDITOR SOURCE:     Assessment Of Risk On Road Projects In Nigeria Construction Industry

AN INSIGHT INTO THE DRUG RESISTANCE PROFILE AND MECHANISM OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN NEISSERIA GONORRHOEA

AN INSIGHT INTO THE DRUG RESISTANCE PROFILE AND MECHANISM OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN NEISSERIA GONORRHOEA

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

 

Among the aetiological agents of treatable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), Neisseria Gonorrhea is considered to be most important, because of emerging antibiotic resistance strains that compromise the effectiveness of treatment of the disease. Gonococci infections are usually treated with single – dose therapy with an agent found to cure above 95 percent of each case, but unfortunately Neisseria gonorrhea has developed resistance to most of the antibiotic used against it, which can be categorized into pre-quinolone, quinolone and post – quinolone era.

        Among the anti-biotic available so far, the third generation “cephalosporin has also be safely recommended as first line therapy for gonorrhea globally;

INTRODUCTION

        Despite the recent advances in diagnosis, surveillance and treatment, sexual transmitted disease (STDs) remain one of the leading diseases throughout the world. Increased promiscuity and onset of sexual activity at an early age are two important contributing factors to the spread of sexual transmitted disease.  Neisseria gonorrheae (also known as the gonococcus) colonizes primarily in the human genital urinary tract, giving rise to the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea.  It cause both symptomatic and asymptomatic genital and extra genital tract infections.  Disease caused by this organism is a significant public health problem despite continual advances in treatment (Tanaka and Reyn et al, 2004).

       

 

World wide, there is an estimated 62million new cases a year, with an average of 22miilion cases at any given time (WHO, 1992).  N. gonorrhea inhabits mainly mucosal surface of the urethra in males and the cervix in females.  As the signs and symptoms of infection are often absent or obscure complication such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, entopic pregnant woman may lead to crucial perforation and blindness in the newborn. Gonococci infection have also been documented to facilitate acquisition and transmission of HIV and HPV infection (Hunter et al. 1990).  Asymptomatic infections by N. gonorrhoeae largely contribute to the persistence and transmission of disease in a community. (Hunter et, al.1990).

Therefore, to eliminate N. gonorrhea infection and in turn to control HIV and HPV infection it is important not only to screen high – risk population but also to treat them immediately with most effective drugs.  Control of gonococci infection has relied on effective single – dose antibiotic therapy given at the initial clinical visit, prior to any knowledge of the organism’s susceptibility pattern.  In the recent past, there has been an alarming increase in the number of isolate of N. gonorrhea resistance to commonly used drugs.  (Chaudhry et al, 2002).  Surveillance is therefore, necessary to understand on going resistance trends and to ensure the success of any therapy.

The irrational and injudicious use of antibacterial agents especially in the developing countries is encouraging this trend and the situation is expected to worsen unless appropriate steps are initiated. This resistance of the gonococcus to antibiotics has been the cause of much concern in recent years and has been the subject of extensive investigation.  The present review summarizes and trends to drug resistance in N. gonorrhoeae, mechanism of drug resistance and discusses the treatment regime.  In addition, the need to look for new and alternative antibacterial agent is also emphasized.

 

EDITOR SOURCE:     An Insight Into The Drug Resistance Profile And Mechanism Of Drug Resistance In Neisseria Gonorrhoea

 

THE IMPACT OF BANKING REFORMS ON BANK PERFORMANCE

THE IMPACT OF BANKING REFORMS ON BANK PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA

 

 

 

 

Reforms are predicated upon the need for reorientation and repositioning of an existing status quo in order to attain an effective and efficient state. There could be fundamental bottle-neck that may inhibit the functioning of the institutions for growth and the achievement of core objectives in the drive towards enhancing and sustaining the economic and social imperatives of human endeavor. Carried out through either government institutions or private enterprises, reform becomes inevitable in the light of the global dynamic exigencies and emerging landscape (Somoye, 2006).

 

In terms of policy thrust therefore the banking sector reforms are expected to build and foster a competitive and healthy financial system to support development and avoid systemic distress (Soludo, 2007). Thus Balogun (2007) averred that banking sector reforms is interpreted to mean embarking on comprehensive process aimed at

Substantially improving the financial infrastructure, strengthening the regulatory and supervisory framework to address the issue of low capitalization and a structured financing for cheap credit to the real sector and financial accommodation for small and rural credit schemes. In most cases, bank reforms are embarked upon to forestall banking crises or cushion the effects of a recent crisis. Banking sector reforms have come into play due to banks inability to meet up to required obligations or satisfy their stakeholders which overtime have led to subsequent failures and crises. A banking crisis can be triggered by weakness in banking system characterized by persistent illiquidity, insolvency, undercapitalization, high level of non-performing loans and weak corporate governance, among others. (Adegbaju and Olokoyo, 2008).

 

The reforms carried out in Nigerian banking industry which started from July 6  2004 was done primarily to meet the developmental challenges of the 21^st century. In his words, Professor Charles Soludo, the governor of Central Bank of Nigeria from June 2004 to June 2009 said that the reforms were to engender exchange rate and price stability, managing interest rate for stability and development of macroeconomic coordination, vigorous pursuit of the developmental roles of the CBN, improvement of the payment system, financial sector diversification and regulatory reforms and strategies for integrating the Nigeria’s financial system into the African regional and global financial system. He further emphasized his desire to concentrate on the theme of banking sector consolidation. Strengthening and consolidating the banking system was to constitute the first phase of the reforms designed to ensure a diversified, strong and reliable banking sector which will ensure the safety of the depositor’s money, play active developmental roles in the Nigerian economy and be competent and competitive players in the African regional and global financial system. The reform was to support the banks to become strong players for good health, long live and positive contributors to the economy. Depositors were expected to have sweet dreams in aftermath of this reform. With the universal Banking system which was introduced in 2000, banks became one stop shops offering a range of financial services, insurance, mortgage, stock broking, investment, banking etc. Unfortunately after the observation that the banks were putting shareholders’ funds at risk and not concentrating on their areas of core competence, the central Bank of Nigeria on 15 March 2010 announced the phasing out of universal banking within the 18 months. All these reforms had taken place but the benefits especially as it relates to bank performance is still a doubt to many people.

 

 

1.0  STATEMENT TO THE PROBLEM

Oloyode (1994) observed that the banking sector over the years has been faced with so many crises and some fraudulent practices. These crises led to the recent reforms in the banking system one of which was merger and acquisition of banks. Oke (2006) observed that the inconsistency in monetary reforms and regulatory policies as a major setback to banks stability as the surveillance and regulatory measures of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) have unfortunately been unable to keep the pace with the rapidity of the changes in the financial system.

 

One objective of the reform is to create a sound and more secured banking system that depositors can trust. These banking reforms were expected to address the problem faced by the banks and other technically insolvent institutions without an initial resort to liquidation, with all its adverse consequences for deposits. These problems encountered by the banks before the reformation according to Lemo (2005) were as follows:

a.       Weak corporate governance, evidenced by high turnover in the board and management staff, inaccurate reports and non compliance with regulatory requirements.

b.      Late or non publication of annual accounts that obviates the impact of market discipline in ensuring banking soundness.

c.        Poor risk management practice.

d.      Operation at level lower than that which could deliver competitive return on equity.

e.       Poor asset quality.

f.       Poor quality services and diversified delivery channels.

g.      Thin spread of qualified and experienced man power.

h.      Heavy reliance by banks on government patronage.

i.        Gross insider abuses, resulting in huge non performing insider related credits.

j.        Weak capital base, the minimum capital base before the reforms was N2 billion which is approximately $15 million. But after the reform the minimum capital requirement stood at N25 billion, approximately $250 million.

According to Soludo (2007), the Nigerian banking system has undergone remarkable changes over the years. Regimes in Central Bank of Nigeria have always geared up towards the avoidance of banking distresses and its attendant consequences as witnessed in Nigeria in the past. These changes have been influenced largely by challenges posed by the reforms in an attempt to consolidate and strengthen the banking system and solve the problem of illiquidity and distress, and to restore public confidence in the sector. However, the correlation between these sets of reforms and banks performance has not been clearly ascertained.

 

 

1.1  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to ascertain the impact of banking reforms on Bank performance in Nigeria. The specific objectives are:

1.   To determine the effect (s) of banking reforms on bank performance in Nigeria.

2        To assess the impact of interest rate restructuring on bank’s performance in Nigeria.

3        To determine the impact of Bank Recapitalization /consolidation on bank’s performance in Nigeria.

 

1.4       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions were formulated to address the research problem and the research objectives as discussed above. Three principal research questions were answered in this study. They are:

1.      Do bank reforms have any effect on bank’s performance in Nigeria?

2.      How does interest Rate restructuring impact on bank’s performance in Nigeria?

3.      Has bank recapitalization /consolidation had any impact on bank’s performance Nigeria?

 

1.5       RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Based on the research questions above the following hypotheses were designed to guide the course of study

1.      Bank reforms do not have any effect on bank’s performance in Nigeria.

2.      There is no significant impact on bank’s performance by interest Rate in Nigeria.

3.      Bank Recapitalization/consolidation does not significantly impact on bank’s performance in Nigeria.

 

1.6    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research covers all the reforms that have taken place in the Nigerian Banking system within the period 2000 – 2008.

 

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

One of the major significance of the work includes the evaluation of the banking reforms in terms of its impact on efficiency in the Nigerian banking sector. At the en of this study, the following shall benefit.

v  Government of Nigeria at respective levels: Federal, State and Local Government in seeing the way to propound laws to care for the problems of the monetary policies of the bank.

v  The bankers in seeing how to execute their works in order to bring about a fair and sound financial system.

v  General public in understanding how the reforms have helped the banking sector.

 

1.8       OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Consolidation: This occurs when two companies combines into one for either a

business or other purposes.

Mergers: A merger occurs when two or more companies transfer their businesses and asset to a new company and in consideration; their members receive shares in the transferee company

Acquisition: An acquisition occurs when one company acquires sufficient shares in another company so as to control that other company. This may be inform of take over bids or by purchasing shares in the market

 

 

EDITOR SOURCE:     The Impact Of Banking Reforms On Bank Performance In Nigeria

 

TAKING OFF PROCESSES AND PREPARATION OF AN UN-PRICED BILL OF QUANTITIES

TAKING OFF PROCESSES AND PREPARATION OF AN UN-PRICED BILL OF QUANTITIES (A CASE STUDY OF THE PROPOSED FOUR (4) BEDROOM FULLY DETACHED DUPLEX AT PLOT 3003A AND 3003B SABONLUGBE EAST EXTENSION LAYOUT, CADASTRAL 07-07, ABUJA NIGERIA)

 

 

 

 

 

In partial fulfillment for the requirement of the award of National Diploma (ND) in Quantity Surveying, student will have to demonstrate what have been taught in class.

        Thus, this project which is a group work is aimed at taking off and preparing a Un-Priced Bill of Quantities for the proposed Four (4) Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex at plot 3003A and 3003B Sanbowlugbe East Extension Layout Cadastral Zone 07-07 Abuja Nigeria.

        This project is also aimed at exposing us to practical aspect of that which is not taught in class and also enable us know more better about what has already been taught in the class.

 

 

1.1   DESCRIPTION OF WORK

        The project as it is fully shown on the building drawing or plan is the construction of a proposed four (4) Bedroom fully detached, duplex at 3003A and 3003B Sambowlugbe East Extention layout cadastral Zone 07-07 Abuja, Nigeria.

For: Rainbow workstation service Ltd.

        This project work includes the process of taking off for the building, abstracting and the process of preparing an un-priced bill of quantities for substructural work only.

 

 

1.2   AIMS & OBJECTIVES

1.2.1        AIMS

        The aim of this project work is to prepared a taking off for quantities completely for four (4) bedroom fully detached duplex and to prepare an abstract and un-priced bill of quantities for the sub structural work.

 

 

1.2.2        OBJECTIVES

        In order to achieve the aforementioned aims, the following objectives are carried out.

-      To prepare literature review of some terms for better understanding of the little of the project.

-      To prepare a taking off and squaring quantities for four (4) bedrooms fully detached duplex.

-      To prepare an abstract for substructure work only.

-      To prepare an un-priced bill of quantities for substructure work only.

 

 

1.3   SCOPE AND LIMITATION

        The scope of this work is limited to the processes that are involved in taking off and preparing an un-priced bill of quantities for building work but excluding the abstracting, un-priced bill of quantities and service for super structural work.

 

 

ABSTRACT

        Class work alone on measurement of building work is not enough to equipped the student with the required knowledge and skill required on the measurement of building work, it is against this background that the introduction of project work was introduce to expose the student to practical and theoretical method of taking off of building work apart from class work so as to increase their skill and knowledge in addition to class work.

        The chapter one of this project demonstrate the aims and objectives of this research, the scope and limitation while the chapter two and three represent a literature review on measurement of building work in order to have a better understanding of taking off, abstracting and billing processes prepared in chapter for the proposed four (4) bedroom fully detached duplex.

 

EDITOR SOURCE:     Taking Off Processes And Preparation Of An Un-Priced Bill Of Quantities

ESTIMATING AND BUDGETING A MEDIUM SCALE BUILDING PROJECT

 

ESTIMATING AND BUDGETING A MEDIUM SCALE BUILDING PROJECT (A CASE STUDY OF A PROPOSED DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING AT KWARA STATE)

 

 

 

 

This project is based on proposed multi-purpose studio hall off Oke Ose community central mosques Ilorin.

Kwara state is one of the 36 states in Nigeria, in which Ilorin is the Capital; in Kwara state we have several higher institutions which include university of Ilorin, Kwara State Polytechnic, Federal Polytechnic Offa, College of Education Oro, Kwara State University Ilorin and also College of Education Ilorin.

TELEVISION STUDIO

        A television studio is an installation in which video production take place, either for the recording of live television to video tape, or for the acquisition of raw footage for post production.

 

 

STUDIO FLOOR

        A studio floor is the actual stage on which the actions that will be recorded take place. Studio floor has the following characteristics and installations:-

-      Decoration or sets

-      Professional video camera (sometimes one usually several) on pedestals.

-      Microphones

-      Stage lightning rigs and the associated controlling equipment.

-      Several video monitors for visual feedback from the production control room (PCR).

-      A small public address system for communication

-      A glass window between PCR and studio floor for direct visual contract is usually desired, but not always possible while a production is in progress, people composing a television crew work studio floor.

PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM

        The studio control room (SCR) is the place in a television studio in which the compositions of the outgoing program take place. The production control room is occasionally also called a studio room.

MASTER CONTROL ROOM

        The mater control room, house equipment that is too noisy or runs too hot for the production control room (PCR). It also makes sure that coax cable and other wire lengths and installation requirement keep within manageable lengths since most high-quality wiring runs only between devices in this room.

OTHER FACILITIES

        A television studio usually has other rooms with no technical requirement beyond broadcast reference monitors and studio monitors for audio. Among them are:-

-      One or more make-up and changing rooms.

-      A reception area for crew, toilet and visitors, commonly called the green room.

The design term on consultancy, services headed by the Architects, civil engineers, who carry out the design, this process are a planned office works into the requirement of the client. The production of a building in a more economical, quick and orderly manner, other professional function along side with the architect for the cost implication and preparation of bill of quantities (BOQ). The expected professional needed at the stage is the quantity surveyor. His concern is the economics of all resources such as labor, plant materials and financial aspect in order to produce building in the quick and economical manner because many building today have not been completed.

 

 

1.1   DESCRIPTION OF WORKS

        These projects consist of construction and erection of the proposed Multi-Purpose studio Hall situated at Oke-Ose community at University of Ilorin teaching hospital Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria.

        The studio development and take off project will be constructed on loamy soil of about 28,410 in length and 13,820 widths.

        The construction is formed on plain over site concrete floor is of reinforce concrete slab (150mm thick). The walls are 230mm tick concrete block. The roofing used in long san aluminum roofing sheet fixed a roofing structure, plumbing installation, electrical installation complete etc.

 

 

 

1.2   AIM AND OBJECTIVES

        The major aim of the study is to estimate and budget for proposed Multi studio hall at Oke Ose community, Ilorin.

OBJECTIVES

-      To understand bill operation of taking off process, abstraction bill drafting and pricing.

-      To understand the process of site feasibility report.

-      To understand the process of given pre-construction cost of any proposed project.

1.3   SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

        The scope of the project is to prepare a draft bill of quantities for a proposed multipurpose studio hall.

        However, the limitation may not be accurate as a result of:

-      Inability of conduct proper site investigation.

-      Inability of conduct the architect that designs the project

 

 

 

EDITOR SOURCE: Estimating And Budgeting A Medium Scale Building Project